Using server-sent events

Developing a web application that uses server-sent events is straightforward. You'll need a bit of code on the server to stream events to the front-end, but the client side code works almost identically to websockets in part of handling incoming events. This is a one-way connection, so you can't send events from a client to a server.

Receiving events from the server

The server-sent event API is contained in the EventSource interface; to open a connection to the server to begin receiving events from it, create a new EventSource object with the URL of a script that generates the events. For example:

const evtSource = new EventSource("ssedemo.php");

If the event generator script is hosted on a different origin, a new EventSource object should be created with both the URL and an options dictionary. For example, assuming the client script is on example.com:

const evtSource = new EventSource("//api.example.com/ssedemo.php", { withCredentials: true } );

Once you've instantiated your event source, you can begin listening for messages from the server by attaching a handler for the message event:

evtSource.onmessage = function(event) {
  const newElement = document.createElement("li");
  const eventList = document.getElementById("list");

  newElement.textContent = "message: " + event.data;
  eventList.appendChild(newElement);
}

This code listens for incoming messages (that is, notices from the server that do not have an event field on them) and appends the message text to a list in the document's HTML.

You can also listen for events with addEventListener():

evtSource.addEventListener("ping", function(event) {
  const newElement = document.createElement("li");
  const eventList = document.getElementById("list");
  const time = JSON.parse(event.data).time;
  newElement.textContent = "ping at " + time;
  eventList.appendChild(newElement);
});

This code is similar, except that it will be called automatically whenever the server sends a message with the event field set to "ping"; it then parses the JSON in the data field and outputs that information.

Sending events from the server

The server-side script that sends events needs to respond using the MIME type text/event-stream. Each notification is sent as a block of text terminated by a pair of newlines. For details on the format of the event stream, see Event stream format.

The PHP code for the example we're using here follows:

date_default_timezone_set("America/New_York");
header("Cache-Control: no-cache");
header("Content-Type: text/event-stream");

$counter = rand(1, 10);
while (true) {
  // Every second, send a "ping" event.

  echo "event: ping\n";
  $curDate = date(DATE_ISO8601);
  echo 'data: {"time": "' . $curDate . '"}';
  echo "\n\n";

  // Send a simple message at random intervals.

  $counter--;

  if (!$counter) {
    echo 'data: This is a message at time ' . $curDate . "\n\n";
    $counter = rand(1, 10);
  }

  ob_end_flush();
  flush();

  // Break the loop if the client aborted the connection (closed the page)

  if ( connection_aborted() ) break;

  sleep(1);
}

The code above generates an event every second, with the event type "ping". Each event's data is a JSON object containing the ISO 8601 timestamp corresponding to the time at which the event was generated. At random intervals, a simple message (with no event type) is sent. The loop will keep running independent of the connection status, so a check is included to break the loop if the connection has been closed (e.g. client closes the page).

Error handling

When problems occur (such as a network timeout or issues pertaining to access control), an error event is generated. You can take action on this programmatically by implementing the onerror callback on the EventSource object:

evtSource.onerror = function(err) {
  console.error("EventSource failed:", err);
};

Closing event streams

By default, if the connection between the client and server closes, the connection is restarted. The connection is terminated with the .close() method.

evtSource.close();

Event stream format

The event stream is a simple stream of text data which must be encoded using UTF-8. Messages in the event stream are separated by a pair of newline characters. A colon as the first character of a line is in essence a comment, and is ignored.

Each message consists of one or more lines of text listing the fields for that message. Each field is represented by the field name, followed by a colon, followed by the text data for that field's value.

Fields

Each message received has some combination of the following fields, one per line:

event

A string identifying the type of event described. If this is specified, an event will be dispatched on the browser to the listener for the specified event name; the website source code should use addEventListener() to listen for named events. The onmessage handler is called if no event name is specified for a message.

data

The data field for the message. When the EventSource receives multiple consecutive lines that begin with data:, it concatenates them, inserting a newline character between each one. Trailing newlines are removed.

id

The event ID to set the EventSource object's last event ID value.

retry

The reconnection time to use when attempting to send the event. This must be an integer, specifying the reconnection time in milliseconds. If a non-integer value is specified, the field is ignored.

All other field names are ignored.

Examples

Data-only messages

In the following example, there are three messages sent. The first is just a comment, since it starts with a colon character. As mentioned previously, this can be useful as a keep-alive mechanism if messages might not be sent regularly.

The second message contains a data field with the value "some text". The third message contains a data field with the value "another message\nwith two lines". Note the newline special character in the value.

: this is a test stream

data: some text

data: another message
data: with two lines

Named events

This example sends named events. Each has an event name specified by the event field, and a data field whose value is an appropriate JSON string with the data needed for the client to act on the event. The data field could, of course, have any string data; it doesn't have to be JSON.

event: userconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"}

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone."}

event: userdisconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:23"}

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "sean", "time": "02:34:36", "text": "Bye, bobby."}

Mixing and matching

You don't have to use just unnamed messages or typed events; you can mix them together in a single event stream.

event: userconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"}

data: Here's a system message of some kind that will get used
data: to accomplish some task.

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone."}

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser