sklearn.manifold.LocallyLinearEmbedding

class sklearn.manifold.LocallyLinearEmbedding(*, n_neighbors=5, n_components=2, reg=0.001, eigen_solver='auto', tol=1e-06, max_iter=100, method='standard', hessian_tol=0.0001, modified_tol=1e-12, neighbors_algorithm='auto', random_state=None, n_jobs=None) [source]

Locally Linear Embedding

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters

n_neighborsint, default=5

number of neighbors to consider for each point.

n_componentsint, default=2

number of coordinates for the manifold

regfloat, default=1e-3

regularization constant, multiplies the trace of the local covariance matrix of the distances.

eigen_solver{‘auto’, ‘arpack’, ‘dense’}, default=’auto’

auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data

arpackuse arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.

For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix, or general linear operator. Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems. It is best to try several random seeds in order to check results.

denseuse standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue

decomposition. For this method, M must be an array or matrix type. This method should be avoided for large problems.

tolfloat, default=1e-6

Tolerance for ‘arpack’ method Not used if eigen_solver==’dense’.

max_iterint, default=100

maximum number of iterations for the arpack solver. Not used if eigen_solver==’dense’.

method{‘standard’, ‘hessian’, ‘modified’, ‘ltsa’}, default=’standard’

standarduse the standard locally linear embedding algorithm. see

reference [1]

hessianuse the Hessian eigenmap method. This method requires

n_neighbors > n_components * (1 + (n_components + 1) / 2 see reference [2]

modifieduse the modified locally linear embedding algorithm.

see reference [3]

ltsause local tangent space alignment algorithm

see reference [4]

hessian_tolfloat, default=1e-4

Tolerance for Hessian eigenmapping method. Only used if method == 'hessian'

modified_tolfloat, default=1e-12

Tolerance for modified LLE method. Only used if method == 'modified'

neighbors_algorithm{‘auto’, ‘brute’, ‘kd_tree’, ‘ball_tree’}, default=’auto’

algorithm to use for nearest neighbors search, passed to neighbors.NearestNeighbors instance

random_stateint, RandomState instance, default=None

Determines the random number generator when eigen_solver == ‘arpack’. Pass an int for reproducible results across multiple function calls. See :term: Glossary <random_state>.

n_jobsint or None, default=None

The number of parallel jobs to run. None means 1 unless in a joblib.parallel_backend context. -1 means using all processors. See Glossary for more details.

Attributes

embedding_array-like, shape [n_samples, n_components]

Stores the embedding vectors

reconstruction_error_float

Reconstruction error associated with embedding_

nbrs_NearestNeighbors object

Stores nearest neighbors instance, including BallTree or KDtree if applicable.

References

1

Roweis, S. & Saul, L. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290:2323 (2000).

2

Donoho, D. & Grimes, C. Hessian eigenmaps: Locally linear embedding techniques for high-dimensional data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100:5591 (2003).

3

Zhang, Z. & Wang, J. MLLE: Modified Locally Linear Embedding Using Multiple Weights. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.70.382

4

Zhang, Z. & Zha, H. Principal manifolds and nonlinear dimensionality reduction via tangent space alignment. Journal of Shanghai Univ. 8:406 (2004)

Examples

>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
>>> from sklearn.manifold import LocallyLinearEmbedding
>>> X, _ = load_digits(return_X_y=True)
>>> X.shape
(1797, 64)
>>> embedding = LocallyLinearEmbedding(n_components=2)
>>> X_transformed = embedding.fit_transform(X[:100])
>>> X_transformed.shape
(100, 2)

Methods

fit(X[, y])	Compute the embedding vectors for data X
fit_transform(X[, y])	Compute the embedding vectors for data X and transform X.
get_params([deep])	Get parameters for this estimator.
set_params(**params)	Set the parameters of this estimator.
transform(X)	Transform new points into embedding space.

fit(X, y=None) [source]

Compute the embedding vectors for data X

Parameters

Xarray-like of shape [n_samples, n_features]

training set.

yIgnored

Returns

selfreturns an instance of self.

fit_transform(X, y=None) [source]

Compute the embedding vectors for data X and transform X.

Parameters

Xarray-like of shape [n_samples, n_features]

training set.

yIgnored

Returns

X_newarray-like, shape (n_samples, n_components)

get_params(deep=True) [source]

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters

deepbool, default=True

If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns

paramsdict

Parameter names mapped to their values.

set_params(**params) [source]

Set the parameters of this estimator.

The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as Pipeline). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Parameters

**paramsdict

Estimator parameters.

Returns

selfestimator instance

Estimator instance.

transform(X) [source]

Transform new points into embedding space.

Parameters

Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Returns

X_newarray, shape = [n_samples, n_components]

Notes

Because of scaling performed by this method, it is discouraged to use it together with methods that are not scale-invariant (like SVMs)

Examples using sklearn.manifold.LocallyLinearEmbedding