sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor

class sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=100, *, criterion='mse', max_depth=None, min_samples_split=2, min_samples_leaf=1, min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None, min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None, bootstrap=True, oob_score=False, n_jobs=None, random_state=None, verbose=0, warm_start=False, ccp_alpha=0.0, max_samples=None) [source]

A random forest regressor.

A random forest is a meta estimator that fits a number of classifying decision trees on various sub-samples of the dataset and uses averaging to improve the predictive accuracy and control over-fitting. The sub-sample size is controlled with the max_samples parameter if bootstrap=True (default), otherwise the whole dataset is used to build each tree.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters

n_estimatorsint, default=100

The number of trees in the forest.

Changed in version 0.22: The default value of n_estimators changed from 10 to 100 in 0.22.

criterion{“mse”, “mae”}, default=”mse”

The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria are “mse” for the mean squared error, which is equal to variance reduction as feature selection criterion, and “mae” for the mean absolute error.

New in version 0.18: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criterion.

max_depthint, default=None

The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than min_samples_split samples.

min_samples_splitint or float, default=2

The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:

If int, then consider min_samples_split as the minimum number.
If float, then min_samples_split is a fraction and ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples) are the minimum number of samples for each split.

Changed in version 0.18: Added float values for fractions.

min_samples_leafint or float, default=1

The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node. A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at least min_samples_leaf training samples in each of the left and right branches. This may have the effect of smoothing the model, especially in regression.

If int, then consider min_samples_leaf as the minimum number.
If float, then min_samples_leaf is a fraction and ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples) are the minimum number of samples for each node.

Changed in version 0.18: Added float values for fractions.

min_weight_fraction_leaffloat, default=0.0

The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.

max_features{“auto”, “sqrt”, “log2”}, int or float, default=”auto”

The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:

If int, then consider max_features features at each split.
If float, then max_features is a fraction and round(max_features * n_features) features are considered at each split.
If “auto”, then max_features=n_features.
If “sqrt”, then max_features=sqrt(n_features).
If “log2”, then max_features=log2(n_features).
If None, then max_features=n_features.

Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to effectively inspect more than max_features features.

max_leaf_nodesint, default=None

Grow trees with max_leaf_nodes in best-first fashion. Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity. If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.

min_impurity_decreasefloat, default=0.0

A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity greater than or equal to this value.

The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following:

N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity
                    - N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)

where N is the total number of samples, N_t is the number of samples at the current node, N_t_L is the number of samples in the left child, and N_t_R is the number of samples in the right child.

N, N_t, N_t_R and N_t_L all refer to the weighted sum, if sample_weight is passed.

New in version 0.19.

min_impurity_splitfloat, default=None

Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.

Deprecated since version 0.19: min_impurity_split has been deprecated in favor of min_impurity_decrease in 0.19. The default value of min_impurity_split has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in 0.23 and it will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25). Use min_impurity_decrease instead.

bootstrapbool, default=True

Whether bootstrap samples are used when building trees. If False, the whole dataset is used to build each tree.

oob_scorebool, default=False

whether to use out-of-bag samples to estimate the R^2 on unseen data.

n_jobsint, default=None

The number of jobs to run in parallel. fit, predict, decision_path and apply are all parallelized over the trees. None means 1 unless in a joblib.parallel_backend context. -1 means using all processors. See Glossary for more details.

random_stateint, RandomState instance or None, default=None

Controls both the randomness of the bootstrapping of the samples used when building trees (if bootstrap=True) and the sampling of the features to consider when looking for the best split at each node (if max_features < n_features). See Glossary for details.

verboseint, default=0

Controls the verbosity when fitting and predicting.

warm_startbool, default=False

When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit and add more estimators to the ensemble, otherwise, just fit a whole new forest. See the Glossary.

ccp_alphanon-negative float, default=0.0

Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than ccp_alpha will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning for details.

New in version 0.22.

max_samplesint or float, default=None

If bootstrap is True, the number of samples to draw from X to train each base estimator.

If None (default), then draw X.shape[0] samples.
If int, then draw max_samples samples.
If float, then draw max_samples * X.shape[0] samples. Thus, max_samples should be in the interval (0, 1).

New in version 0.22.

Attributes

base_estimator_DecisionTreeRegressor: The child estimator template used to create the collection of fitted sub-estimators.
estimators_list of DecisionTreeRegressor: The collection of fitted sub-estimators.
feature_importances_ndarray of shape (n_features,): The impurity-based feature importances.
n_features_int: The number of features when fit is performed.
n_outputs_int: The number of outputs when fit is performed.
oob_score_float: Score of the training dataset obtained using an out-of-bag estimate. This attribute exists only when oob_score is True.
oob_prediction_ndarray of shape (n_samples,): Prediction computed with out-of-bag estimate on the training set. This attribute exists only when oob_score is True.

Notes

The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees (e.g. max_depth, min_samples_leaf, etc.) lead to fully grown and unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be controlled by setting those parameter values.

The features are always randomly permuted at each split. Therefore, the best found split may vary, even with the same training data, max_features=n_features and bootstrap=False, if the improvement of the criterion is identical for several splits enumerated during the search of the best split. To obtain a deterministic behaviour during fitting, random_state has to be fixed.

The default value max_features="auto" uses n_features rather than n_features / 3. The latter was originally suggested in [1], whereas the former was more recently justified empirically in [2].

References

1

Breiman, “Random Forests”, Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32, 2001.

2

P. Geurts, D. Ernst., and L. Wehenkel, “Extremely randomized trees”, Machine Learning, 63(1), 3-42, 2006.

Examples

>>> from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
>>> from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
>>> X, y = make_regression(n_features=4, n_informative=2,
...                        random_state=0, shuffle=False)
>>> regr = RandomForestRegressor(max_depth=2, random_state=0)
>>> regr.fit(X, y)
RandomForestRegressor(...)
>>> print(regr.predict([[0, 0, 0, 0]]))
[-8.32987858]

Methods

`apply`(X)	Apply trees in the forest to X, return leaf indices.
`decision_path`(X)	Return the decision path in the forest.
`fit`(X, y[, sample_weight])	Build a forest of trees from the training set (X, y).
`get_params`([deep])	Get parameters for this estimator.
`predict`(X)	Predict regression target for X.
`score`(X, y[, sample_weight])	Return the coefficient of determination \(R^2\) of the prediction.
`set_params`(**params)	Set the parameters of this estimator.

apply(X) [source]

Apply trees in the forest to X, return leaf indices.

Parameters

X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features): The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to dtype=np.float32. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be converted into a sparse csr_matrix.

Returns

X_leavesndarray of shape (n_samples, n_estimators): For each datapoint x in X and for each tree in the forest, return the index of the leaf x ends up in.

decision_path(X) [source]

Return the decision path in the forest.

New in version 0.18.

Parameters

X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features): The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to dtype=np.float32. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be converted into a sparse csr_matrix.

Returns

indicatorsparse matrix of shape (n_samples, n_nodes): Return a node indicator matrix where non zero elements indicates that the samples goes through the nodes. The matrix is of CSR format.
n_nodes_ptrndarray of shape (n_estimators + 1,): The columns from indicator[n_nodes_ptr[i]:n_nodes_ptr[i+1]] gives the indicator value for the i-th estimator.

property feature_importances_

The impurity-based feature importances.

The higher, the more important the feature. The importance of a feature is computed as the (normalized) total reduction of the criterion brought by that feature. It is also known as the Gini importance.

Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for high cardinality features (many unique values). See sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance as an alternative.

Returns

feature_importances_ndarray of shape (n_features,): The values of this array sum to 1, unless all trees are single node trees consisting of only the root node, in which case it will be an array of zeros.

fit(X, y, sample_weight=None) [source]

Build a forest of trees from the training set (X, y).

Parameters

X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features): The training input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to dtype=np.float32. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be converted into a sparse csc_matrix.
yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs): The target values (class labels in classification, real numbers in regression).
sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None: Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted. Splits that would create child nodes with net zero or negative weight are ignored while searching for a split in each node. In the case of classification, splits are also ignored if they would result in any single class carrying a negative weight in either child node.

Returns

selfobject

get_params(deep=True) [source]

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters

deepbool, default=True: If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns

paramsdict: Parameter names mapped to their values.

predict(X) [source]

Predict regression target for X.

The predicted regression target of an input sample is computed as the mean predicted regression targets of the trees in the forest.

Parameters

X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features): The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to dtype=np.float32. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be converted into a sparse csr_matrix.

Returns

yndarray of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs): The predicted values.

score(X, y, sample_weight=None) [source]

Return the coefficient of determination \(R^2\) of the prediction.

The coefficient \(R^2\) is defined as \((1 - \frac{u}{v})\), where \(u\) is the residual sum of squares ((y_true - y_pred) ** 2).sum() and \(v\) is the total sum of squares ((y_true - y_true.mean()) ** 2).sum(). The best possible score is 1.0 and it can be negative (because the model can be arbitrarily worse). A constant model that always predicts the expected value of y, disregarding the input features, would get a \(R^2\) score of 0.0.

Parameters

Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features): Test samples. For some estimators this may be a precomputed kernel matrix or a list of generic objects instead with shape (n_samples, n_samples_fitted), where n_samples_fitted is the number of samples used in the fitting for the estimator.
yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs): True values for X.
sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None: Sample weights.

Returns

scorefloat: \(R^2\) of self.predict(X) wrt. y.

Notes

The \(R^2\) score used when calling score on a regressor uses multioutput='uniform_average' from version 0.23 to keep consistent with default value of r2_score. This influences the score method of all the multioutput regressors (except for MultiOutputRegressor).

set_params(**params) [source]

Set the parameters of this estimator.

The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as Pipeline). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Parameters