tf.contrib.distributions.TransformedDistribution

A Transformed Distribution.

Inherits From: Distribution

tf.contrib.distributions.TransformedDistribution(
    distribution, bijector=None, batch_shape=None, event_shape=None,
    validate_args=False, name=None
)

A TransformedDistribution models p(y) given a base distribution p(x), and a deterministic, invertible, differentiable transform, Y = g(X). The transform is typically an instance of the Bijector class and the base distribution is typically an instance of the Distribution class.

A Bijector is expected to implement the following functions:

• forward,
• inverse,
• inverse_log_det_jacobian. The semantics of these functions are outlined in the Bijector documentation.

We now describe how a TransformedDistribution alters the input/outputs of a Distribution associated with a random variable (rv) X.

Write cdf(Y=y) for an absolutely continuous cumulative distribution function of random variable Y; write the probability density function pdf(Y=y) := d^k / (dy_1,...,dy_k) cdf(Y=y) for its derivative wrt to Y evaluated at y. Assume that Y = g(X) where g is a deterministic diffeomorphism, i.e., a non-random, continuous, differentiable, and invertible function. Write the inverse of g as X = g^{-1}(Y) and (J o g)(x) for the Jacobian of g evaluated at x.

A TransformedDistribution implements the following operations:

• sample Mathematically: Y = g(X) Programmatically: bijector.forward(distribution.sample(...))

• log_prob Mathematically: `(log o pdf)(Y=y) = (log o pdf o g^{-1})(y)

  + (log o abs o det o J o g^{-1})(y)`
  

  Programmatically: (distribution.log_prob(bijector.inverse(y)) + bijector.inverse_log_det_jacobian(y))

• log_cdf Mathematically: (log o cdf)(Y=y) = (log o cdf o g^{-1})(y) Programmatically: distribution.log_cdf(bijector.inverse(x))

• and similarly for: cdf, prob, log_survival_function, survival_function.

A simple example constructing a Log-Normal distribution from a Normal distribution:

ds = tfp.distributions
log_normal = ds.TransformedDistribution(
  distribution=ds.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
  bijector=ds.bijectors.Exp(),
  name="LogNormalTransformedDistribution")

A LogNormal made from callables:

ds = tfp.distributions
log_normal = ds.TransformedDistribution(
  distribution=ds.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
  bijector=ds.bijectors.Inline(
    forward_fn=tf.exp,
    inverse_fn=tf.math.log,
    inverse_log_det_jacobian_fn=(
      lambda y: -tf.reduce_sum(tf.math.log(y), axis=-1)),
  name="LogNormalTransformedDistribution")

Another example constructing a Normal from a StandardNormal:

ds = tfp.distributions
normal = ds.TransformedDistribution(
  distribution=ds.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
  bijector=ds.bijectors.Affine(
    shift=-1.,
    scale_identity_multiplier=2.)
  name="NormalTransformedDistribution")

A TransformedDistribution's batch- and event-shape are implied by the base distribution unless explicitly overridden by batch_shape or event_shape arguments. Specifying an overriding batch_shape (event_shape) is permitted only if the base distribution has scalar batch-shape (event-shape). The bijector is applied to the distribution as if the distribution possessed the overridden shape(s). The following example demonstrates how to construct a multivariate Normal as a TransformedDistribution.

ds = tfp.distributions
# We will create two MVNs with batch_shape = event_shape = 2.
mean = [[-1., 0],      # batch:0
        [0., 1]]       # batch:1
chol_cov = [[[1., 0],
             [0, 1]],  # batch:0
            [[1, 0],
             [2, 2]]]  # batch:1
mvn1 = ds.TransformedDistribution(
    distribution=ds.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
    bijector=ds.bijectors.Affine(shift=mean, scale_tril=chol_cov),
    batch_shape=[2],  # Valid because base_distribution.batch_shape == [].
    event_shape=[2])  # Valid because base_distribution.event_shape == [].
mvn2 = ds.MultivariateNormalTriL(loc=mean, scale_tril=chol_cov)
# mvn1.log_prob(x) == mvn2.log_prob(x)

Args
distribution	The base distribution instance to transform. Typically an instance of Distribution.
bijector	The object responsible for calculating the transformation. Typically an instance of Bijector. None means Identity().
batch_shape	integer vector Tensor which overrides distribution batch_shape; valid only if distribution.is_scalar_batch().
event_shape	integer vector Tensor which overrides distribution event_shape; valid only if distribution.is_scalar_event().
validate_args	Python bool, default False. When True distribution parameters are checked for validity despite possibly degrading runtime performance. When False invalid inputs may silently render incorrect outputs.
name	Python str name prefixed to Ops created by this class. Default: bijector.name + distribution.name.

Attributes
allow_nan_stats	Python bool describing behavior when a stat is undefined. Stats return +/- infinity when it makes sense. E.g., the variance of a Cauchy distribution is infinity. However, sometimes the statistic is undefined, e.g., if a distribution's pdf does not achieve a maximum within the support of the distribution, the mode is undefined. If the mean is undefined, then by definition the variance is undefined. E.g. the mean for Student's T for df = 1 is undefined (no clear way to say it is either + or - infinity), so the variance = E[(X - mean)**2] is also undefined.
batch_shape	Shape of a single sample from a single event index as a TensorShape. May be partially defined or unknown. The batch dimensions are indexes into independent, non-identical parameterizations of this distribution.
bijector	Function transforming x => y.
distribution	Base distribution, p(x).
dtype	The DType of Tensors handled by this Distribution.
event_shape	Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a TensorShape. May be partially defined or unknown.
name	Name prepended to all ops created by this Distribution.
parameters	Dictionary of parameters used to instantiate this Distribution.
reparameterization_type	Describes how samples from the distribution are reparameterized. Currently this is one of the static instances distributions.FULLY_REPARAMETERIZED or distributions.NOT_REPARAMETERIZED.
validate_args	Python bool indicating possibly expensive checks are enabled.

Methods

batch_shape_tensor

View source

batch_shape_tensor(
    name='batch_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single event index as a 1-D Tensor.

The batch dimensions are indexes into independent, non-identical parameterizations of this distribution.

Args
name	name to give to the op

Returns
batch_shape	Tensor.

cdf

View source

cdf(
    value, name='cdf'
)

Cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

cdf(x) := P[X <= x]

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
cdf	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

copy

View source

copy(
    **override_parameters_kwargs
)

Creates a deep copy of the distribution.

Note: the copy distribution may continue to depend on the original initialization arguments.

Args
**override_parameters_kwargs	String/value dictionary of initialization arguments to override with new values.

Returns
distribution	A new instance of type(self) initialized from the union of self.parameters and override_parameters_kwargs, i.e., dict(self.parameters, **override_parameters_kwargs).

covariance

View source

covariance(
    name='covariance'
)

Covariance.

Covariance is (possibly) defined only for non-scalar-event distributions.

For example, for a length-k, vector-valued distribution, it is calculated as,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(X_i, X_j) = E[(X_i - E[X_i]) (X_j - E[X_j])]

where Cov is a (batch of) k x k matrix, 0 <= (i, j) < k, and E denotes expectation.

Alternatively, for non-vector, multivariate distributions (e.g., matrix-valued, Wishart), Covariance shall return a (batch of) matrices under some vectorization of the events, i.e.,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(Vec(X)_i, Vec(X)_j) = [as above]

where Cov is a (batch of) k' x k' matrices, 0 <= (i, j) < k' = reduce_prod(event_shape), and Vec is some function mapping indices of this distribution's event dimensions to indices of a length-k' vector.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
covariance	Floating-point Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn, k', k'] where the first n dimensions are batch coordinates and k' = reduce_prod(self.event_shape).

cross_entropy

View source

cross_entropy(
    other, name='cross_entropy'
)

Computes the (Shannon) cross entropy.

Denote this distribution (self) by P and the other distribution by Q. Assuming P, Q are absolutely continuous with respect to one another and permit densities p(x) dr(x) and q(x) dr(x), (Shanon) cross entropy is defined as:

H[P, Q] = E_p[-log q(X)] = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x)

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ P.

Args
other	tfp.distributions.Distribution instance.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
cross_entropy	self.dtype Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn] representing n different calculations of (Shanon) cross entropy.

entropy

View source

entropy(
    name='entropy'
)

Shannon entropy in nats.

event_shape_tensor

View source

event_shape_tensor(
    name='event_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a 1-D int32 Tensor.

Args
name	name to give to the op

Returns
event_shape	Tensor.

is_scalar_batch

View source

is_scalar_batch(
    name='is_scalar_batch'
)

Indicates that batch_shape == [].

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
is_scalar_batch	bool scalar Tensor.

is_scalar_event

View source

is_scalar_event(
    name='is_scalar_event'
)

Indicates that event_shape == [].

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
is_scalar_event	bool scalar Tensor.

kl_divergence

View source

kl_divergence(
    other, name='kl_divergence'
)

Computes the Kullback--Leibler divergence.

Denote this distribution (self) by p and the other distribution by q. Assuming p, q are absolutely continuous with respect to reference measure r, the KL divergence is defined as:

KL[p, q] = E_p[log(p(X)/q(X))]
         = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x) + int_F p(x) log p(x) dr(x)
         = H[p, q] - H[p]

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ p, H[., .] denotes (Shanon) cross entropy, and H[.] denotes (Shanon) entropy.

Args
other	tfp.distributions.Distribution instance.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
kl_divergence	self.dtype Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn] representing n different calculations of the Kullback-Leibler divergence.

log_cdf

View source

log_cdf(
    value, name='log_cdf'
)

Log cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

log_cdf(x) := Log[ P[X <= x] ]

Often, a numerical approximation can be used for log_cdf(x) that yields a more accurate answer than simply taking the logarithm of the cdf when x << -1.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
logcdf	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

log_prob

View source

log_prob(
    value, name='log_prob'
)

Log probability density/mass function.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
log_prob	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

log_survival_function

View source

log_survival_function(
    value, name='log_survival_function'
)

Log survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

log_survival_function(x) = Log[ P[X > x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - P[X <= x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - cdf(x) ]

Typically, different numerical approximations can be used for the log survival function, which are more accurate than 1 - cdf(x) when x >> 1.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

mean

View source

mean(
    name='mean'
)

Mean.

mode

View source

mode(
    name='mode'
)

Mode.

param_shapes

View source

@classmethod
param_shapes(
    sample_shape, name='DistributionParamShapes'
)

Shapes of parameters given the desired shape of a call to sample().

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample().

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes.

Args
sample_shape	Tensor or python list/tuple. Desired shape of a call to sample().
name	name to prepend ops with.

Returns
dict of parameter name to Tensor shapes.

param_static_shapes

View source

@classmethod
param_static_shapes(
    sample_shape
)

param_shapes with static (i.e. TensorShape) shapes.

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample(). Assumes that the sample's shape is known statically.

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes to return constant-valued tensors when constant values are fed.

Args
sample_shape	TensorShape or python list/tuple. Desired shape of a call to sample().

Returns
dict of parameter name to TensorShape.

Raises
ValueError	if sample_shape is a TensorShape and is not fully defined.

prob

View source

prob(
    value, name='prob'
)

Probability density/mass function.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
prob	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

quantile

View source

quantile(
    value, name='quantile'
)

Quantile function. Aka "inverse cdf" or "percent point function".

Given random variable X and p in [0, 1], the quantile is:

quantile(p) := x such that P[X <= x] == p

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
quantile	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

sample

View source

sample(
    sample_shape=(), seed=None, name='sample'
)

Generate samples of the specified shape.

Note that a call to sample() without arguments will generate a single sample.

Args
sample_shape	0D or 1D int32 Tensor. Shape of the generated samples.
seed	Python integer seed for RNG
name	name to give to the op.

Returns
samples	a Tensor with prepended dimensions sample_shape.

stddev

View source

stddev(
    name='stddev'
)

Standard deviation.

Standard deviation is defined as,

stddev = E[(X - E[X])**2]**0.5

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and stddev.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
stddev	Floating-point Tensor with shape identical to batch_shape + event_shape, i.e., the same shape as self.mean().

survival_function

View source

survival_function(
    value, name='survival_function'
)

Survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

survival_function(x) = P[X > x]
                     = 1 - P[X <= x]
                     = 1 - cdf(x).

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

variance

View source

variance(
    name='variance'
)

Variance.

Variance is defined as,

Var = E[(X - E[X])**2]

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and Var.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
variance	Floating-point Tensor with shape identical to batch_shape + event_shape, i.e., the same shape as self.mean().