tf.contrib.distributions.bijectors.MaskedAutoregressiveFlow

Affine MaskedAutoregressiveFlow bijector for vector-valued events.

Inherits From: Bijector

tf.contrib.distributions.bijectors.MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(
    shift_and_log_scale_fn, is_constant_jacobian=False, validate_args=False,
    unroll_loop=False, name=None
)

The affine autoregressive flow [(Papamakarios et al., 2016)][3] provides a relatively simple framework for user-specified (deep) architectures to learn a distribution over vector-valued events. Regarding terminology,

"Autoregressive models decompose the joint density as a product of conditionals, and model each conditional in turn. Normalizing flows transform a base density (e.g. a standard Gaussian) into the target density by an invertible transformation with tractable Jacobian." [(Papamakarios et al., 2016)][3]

In other words, the "autoregressive property" is equivalent to the decomposition, p(x) = prod{ p(x[i] | x[0:i]) : i=0, ..., d }. The provided shift_and_log_scale_fn, masked_autoregressive_default_template, achieves this property by zeroing out weights in its masked_dense layers.

In the tfp framework, a "normalizing flow" is implemented as a tfp.bijectors.Bijector. The forward "autoregression" is implemented using a tf.while_loop and a deep neural network (DNN) with masked weights such that the autoregressive property is automatically met in the inverse.

A TransformedDistribution using MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(...) uses the (expensive) forward-mode calculation to draw samples and the (cheap) reverse-mode calculation to compute log-probabilities. Conversely, a TransformedDistribution using Invert(MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(...)) uses the (expensive) forward-mode calculation to compute log-probabilities and the (cheap) reverse-mode calculation to compute samples. See "Example Use" [below] for more details.

Given a shift_and_log_scale_fn, the forward and inverse transformations are (a sequence of) affine transformations. A "valid" shift_and_log_scale_fn must compute each shift (aka loc or "mu" in [Germain et al. (2015)][1]) and log(scale) (aka "alpha" in [Germain et al. (2015)][1]) such that each are broadcastable with the arguments to forward and inverse, i.e., such that the calculations in forward, inverse [below] are possible.

For convenience, masked_autoregressive_default_template is offered as a possible shift_and_log_scale_fn function. It implements the MADE architecture [(Germain et al., 2015)][1]. MADE is a feed-forward network that computes a shift and log(scale) using masked_dense layers in a deep neural network. Weights are masked to ensure the autoregressive property. It is possible that this architecture is suboptimal for your task. To build alternative networks, either change the arguments to masked_autoregressive_default_template, use the masked_dense function to roll-out your own, or use some other architecture, e.g., using tf.layers.

Assuming shift_and_log_scale_fn has valid shape and autoregressive semantics, the forward transformation is

def forward(x):
  y = zeros_like(x)
  event_size = x.shape[-1]
  for _ in range(event_size):
    shift, log_scale = shift_and_log_scale_fn(y)
    y = x * math_ops.exp(log_scale) + shift
  return y

and the inverse transformation is

def inverse(y):
  shift, log_scale = shift_and_log_scale_fn(y)
  return (y - shift) / math_ops.exp(log_scale)

Notice that the inverse does not need a for-loop. This is because in the forward pass each calculation of shift and log_scale is based on the y calculated so far (not x). In the inverse, the y is fully known, thus is equivalent to the scaling used in forward after event_size passes, i.e., the "last" y used to compute shift, log_scale. (Roughly speaking, this also proves the transform is bijective.)

Examples

import tensorflow_probability as tfp
tfd = tfp.distributions
tfb = tfp.bijectors

dims = 5

# A common choice for a normalizing flow is to use a Gaussian for the base
# distribution. (However, any continuous distribution would work.) E.g.,
maf = tfd.TransformedDistribution(
    distribution=tfd.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
    bijector=tfb.MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(
        shift_and_log_scale_fn=tfb.masked_autoregressive_default_template(
            hidden_layers=[512, 512])),
    event_shape=[dims])

x = maf.sample()  # Expensive; uses `tf.while_loop`, no Bijector caching.
maf.log_prob(x)   # Almost free; uses Bijector caching.
maf.log_prob(0.)  # Cheap; no `tf.while_loop` despite no Bijector caching.

# [Papamakarios et al. (2016)][3] also describe an Inverse Autoregressive
# Flow [(Kingma et al., 2016)][2]:
iaf = tfd.TransformedDistribution(
    distribution=tfd.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
    bijector=tfb.Invert(tfb.MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(
        shift_and_log_scale_fn=tfb.masked_autoregressive_default_template(
            hidden_layers=[512, 512]))),
    event_shape=[dims])

x = iaf.sample()  # Cheap; no `tf.while_loop` despite no Bijector caching.
iaf.log_prob(x)   # Almost free; uses Bijector caching.
iaf.log_prob(0.)  # Expensive; uses `tf.while_loop`, no Bijector caching.

# In many (if not most) cases the default `shift_and_log_scale_fn` will be a
# poor choice. Here's an example of using a "shift only" version and with a
# different number/depth of hidden layers.
shift_only = True
maf_no_scale_hidden2 = tfd.TransformedDistribution(
    distribution=tfd.Normal(loc=0., scale=1.),
    bijector=tfb.MaskedAutoregressiveFlow(
        tfb.masked_autoregressive_default_template(
            hidden_layers=[32],
            shift_only=shift_only),
        is_constant_jacobian=shift_only),
    event_shape=[dims])

References

[1]: Mathieu Germain, Karol Gregor, Iain Murray, and Hugo Larochelle. MADE: Masked Autoencoder for Distribution Estimation. In International Conference on Machine Learning, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03509

[2]: Diederik P. Kingma, Tim Salimans, Rafal Jozefowicz, Xi Chen, Ilya Sutskever, and Max Welling. Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flow. In Neural Information Processing Systems, 2016. https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04934

[3]: George Papamakarios, Theo Pavlakou, and Iain Murray. Masked Autoregressive Flow for Density Estimation. In Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07057

Args
shift_and_log_scale_fn	Python callable which computes shift and log_scale from both the forward domain (x) and the inverse domain (y). Calculation must respect the "autoregressive property" (see class docstring). Suggested default masked_autoregressive_default_template(hidden_layers=...). Typically the function contains tf.Variables and is wrapped using tf.compat.v1.make_template. Returning None for either (both) shift, log_scale is equivalent to (but more efficient than) returning zero.
is_constant_jacobian	Python bool. Default: False. When True the implementation assumes log_scale does not depend on the forward domain (x) or inverse domain (y) values. (No validation is made; is_constant_jacobian=False is always safe but possibly computationally inefficient.)
validate_args	Python bool indicating whether arguments should be checked for correctness.
unroll_loop	Python bool indicating whether the tf.while_loop in _forward should be replaced with a static for loop. Requires that the final dimension of x be known at graph construction time. Defaults to False.
name	Python str, name given to ops managed by this object.

Attributes
dtype	dtype of Tensors transformable by this distribution.
forward_min_event_ndims	Returns the minimal number of dimensions bijector.forward operates on.
graph_parents	Returns this Bijector's graph_parents as a Python list.
inverse_min_event_ndims	Returns the minimal number of dimensions bijector.inverse operates on.
is_constant_jacobian	Returns true iff the Jacobian matrix is not a function of x. Note: Jacobian matrix is either constant for both forward and inverse or neither.
name	Returns the string name of this Bijector.
validate_args	Returns True if Tensor arguments will be validated.

Methods

forward

View source

forward(
    x, name='forward'
)

Returns the forward Bijector evaluation, i.e., X = g(Y).

Args
x	Tensor. The input to the "forward" evaluation.
name	The name to give this op.

Returns
Tensor.

Raises
TypeError	if self.dtype is specified and x.dtype is not self.dtype.
NotImplementedError	if _forward is not implemented.

forward_event_shape

View source

forward_event_shape(
    input_shape
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a TensorShape.

Same meaning as forward_event_shape_tensor. May be only partially defined.

Args
input_shape	TensorShape indicating event-portion shape passed into forward function.

Returns
forward_event_shape_tensor	TensorShape indicating event-portion shape after applying forward. Possibly unknown.

forward_event_shape_tensor

View source

forward_event_shape_tensor(
    input_shape, name='forward_event_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as an int32 1D Tensor.

Args
input_shape	Tensor, int32 vector indicating event-portion shape passed into forward function.
name	name to give to the op

Returns
forward_event_shape_tensor	Tensor, int32 vector indicating event-portion shape after applying forward.

forward_log_det_jacobian

View source

forward_log_det_jacobian(
    x, event_ndims, name='forward_log_det_jacobian'
)

Returns both the forward_log_det_jacobian.

Args
x	Tensor. The input to the "forward" Jacobian determinant evaluation.
event_ndims	Number of dimensions in the probabilistic events being transformed. Must be greater than or equal to self.forward_min_event_ndims. The result is summed over the final dimensions to produce a scalar Jacobian determinant for each event, i.e. it has shape x.shape.ndims - event_ndims dimensions.
name	The name to give this op.

Returns
Tensor, if this bijector is injective. If not injective this is not implemented.

Raises
TypeError	if self.dtype is specified and y.dtype is not self.dtype.
NotImplementedError	if neither _forward_log_det_jacobian nor {_inverse, _inverse_log_det_jacobian} are implemented, or this is a non-injective bijector.

inverse

View source

inverse(
    y, name='inverse'
)

Returns the inverse Bijector evaluation, i.e., X = g^{-1}(Y).

Args
y	Tensor. The input to the "inverse" evaluation.
name	The name to give this op.

Returns
Tensor, if this bijector is injective. If not injective, returns the k-tuple containing the unique k points (x1, ..., xk) such that g(xi) = y.

Raises
TypeError	if self.dtype is specified and y.dtype is not self.dtype.
NotImplementedError	if _inverse is not implemented.

inverse_event_shape

View source

inverse_event_shape(
    output_shape
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a TensorShape.

Same meaning as inverse_event_shape_tensor. May be only partially defined.

Args
output_shape	TensorShape indicating event-portion shape passed into inverse function.

Returns
inverse_event_shape_tensor	TensorShape indicating event-portion shape after applying inverse. Possibly unknown.

inverse_event_shape_tensor

View source

inverse_event_shape_tensor(
    output_shape, name='inverse_event_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as an int32 1D Tensor.

Args
output_shape	Tensor, int32 vector indicating event-portion shape passed into inverse function.
name	name to give to the op

Returns
inverse_event_shape_tensor	Tensor, int32 vector indicating event-portion shape after applying inverse.

inverse_log_det_jacobian

View source

inverse_log_det_jacobian(
    y, event_ndims, name='inverse_log_det_jacobian'
)

Returns the (log o det o Jacobian o inverse)(y).

Mathematically, returns: log(det(dX/dY))(Y). (Recall that: X=g^{-1}(Y).)

Note that forward_log_det_jacobian is the negative of this function, evaluated at g^{-1}(y).

Args
y	Tensor. The input to the "inverse" Jacobian determinant evaluation.
event_ndims	Number of dimensions in the probabilistic events being transformed. Must be greater than or equal to self.inverse_min_event_ndims. The result is summed over the final dimensions to produce a scalar Jacobian determinant for each event, i.e. it has shape y.shape.ndims - event_ndims dimensions.
name	The name to give this op.

Returns
Tensor, if this bijector is injective. If not injective, returns the tuple of local log det Jacobians, log(det(Dg_i^{-1}(y))), where g_i is the restriction of g to the ith partition Di.

Raises
TypeError	if self.dtype is specified and y.dtype is not self.dtype.
NotImplementedError	if _inverse_log_det_jacobian is not implemented.