[Groovy] Annotation Type Immutable

All Implemented Interfaces and Traits:

Annotation

@ToString(cache: true, includeSuperProperties: true)
@EqualsAndHashCode(cache: true)
@ImmutableBase
@ImmutableOptions
@PropertyOptions(propertyHandler: ImmutablePropertyHandler)
@TupleConstructor(defaults: false)
@MapConstructor(noArg: true, includeSuperProperties: true, includeFields: true)
@KnownImmutable
@AnnotationCollector(mode: AnnotationCollectorMode.PREFER_EXPLICIT_MERGED)
@Retention(value: RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(value: [ElementType.TYPE])
@interface Immutable

Meta annotation used when defining immutable classes.

It allows you to write classes in this shortened form:

 @groovy.transform.Immutable class Customer {
     String first, last
     int age
     Date since
     Collection favItems
 }
 def d = new Date()
 def c1 = new Customer(first:'Tom', last:'Jones', age:21, since:d, favItems:['Books', 'Games'])
 def c2 = new Customer('Tom', 'Jones', 21, d, ['Books', 'Games'])
 assert c1 == c2
 

The @Immutable meta-annotation corresponds to adding the following annotations: ToString, EqualsAndHashCode, ImmutableBase, ImmutableOptions, PropertyOptions, TupleConstructor, MapConstructor and KnownImmutable. Together these annotations instruct the compiler to execute the necessary transformations to add the necessary getters, constructors, equals, hashCode and other helper methods that are typically written when creating immutable classes with the defined properties.

A class created in this way has the following characteristics:

• The class is automatically made final.
• Properties must be of an immutable type or a type with a strategy for handling non-immutable characteristics. Specifically, the type must be one of the primitive or wrapper types, Strings, enums, other @Immutable classes or known immutables (e.g. java.awt.Color, java.net.URI, java.util.UUID). Also handled are Cloneable classes, collections, maps and arrays, other "effectively immutable" classes with special handling (e.g. java.util.Date), and usages of java.util.Optional where the contained type is immutable (e.g. Optional<String>).
• Properties automatically have private, final backing fields with getters. Attempts to update the property will result in a ReadOnlyPropertyException.
• A map-based constructor is provided which allows you to set properties by name.
• A tuple-style constructor is provided which allows you to set properties in the same order as they are defined.
• Default equals, hashCode and toString methods are provided based on the property values. Though not normally required, you may write your own implementations of these methods. For equals and hashCode, if you do write your own method, it is up to you to obey the general contract for equals methods and supply a corresponding matching hashCode method. If you do provide one of these methods explicitly, the default implementation will be made available in a private "underscore" variant which you can call. E.g., you could provide a (not very elegant) multi-line formatted toString method for Customer above as follows:

       String toString() {
          _toString().replaceAll(/\(/, '(\n\t').replaceAll(/\)/, '\n)').replaceAll(/, /, '\n\t')
      }
   

  If an "underscore" version of the respective method already exists, then no default implementation is provided.
• Dates, Cloneables and arrays are defensively copied on the way in (constructor) and out (getters). Arrays and Cloneable objects use the clone method. For your own classes, it is up to you to define this method and use deep cloning if appropriate.
• Collections and Maps are wrapped by immutable wrapper classes (but not deeply cloned!). Attempts to update them will result in an UnsupportedOperationException.
• Fields that are enums or other @Immutable classes are allowed but for an otherwise possible mutable property type, an error is thrown.
• You don't have to follow Groovy's normal property conventions, e.g. you can create an explicit private field and then you can write explicit get and set methods. Such an approach, isn't currently prohibited (to give you some wiggle room to get around these conventions) but any fields created in this way are deemed not to be part of the significant state of the object and aren't factored into the equals or hashCode methods. Similarly, you may use static properties (though usually this is discouraged) and these too will be ignored as far as significant state is concerned. If you do break standard conventions, you do so at your own risk and your objects may no longer be immutable. It is up to you to ensure that your objects remain immutable at least to the extent expected in other parts of your program!

Immutable classes are particularly useful for functional and concurrent styles of programming and for use as key values within maps. If you want similar functionality to what this annotation provides but don't need immutability then consider using @Canonical.

Customising behaviour:

You can customise the toString() method provided for you by @Immutable by also adding the @ToString annotation to your class definition.

Limitations:

• As outlined above, Arrays and Cloneable objects use the clone method. For your own classes, it is up to you to define this method and use deep cloning if appropriate.
• As outlined above, Collections and Maps are wrapped by immutable wrapper classes (but not deeply cloned!).
• Currently BigInteger and BigDecimal are deemed immutable but see: http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6348370
• java.awt.Color is treated as "effectively immutable" but is not final so while not normally used with child classes, it isn't strictly immutable. Use at your own risk.
• java.util.Date is treated as "effectively immutable" but is not final so it isn't strictly immutable. Use at your own risk.
• Groovy's normal map-style naming conventions will not be available if the first property has type LinkedHashMap or if there is a single Map, AbstractMap or HashMap property.

More examples:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 import groovy.transform.*

 @Canonical
 class Building {
     String name
     int floors
     boolean officeSpace
 }

 // Constructors are added.
 def officeSpace = new Building('Initech office', 1, true)

 // toString() added.
 assert officeSpace.toString() == 'Building(Initech office, 1, true)'

 // Default values are used if constructor
 // arguments are not assigned.
 def theOffice = new Building('Wernham Hogg Paper Company')
 assert theOffice.floors == 0
 theOffice.officeSpace = true

 def anotherOfficeSpace = new Building(name: 'Initech office', floors: 1, officeSpace: true)

 // equals() method is added.
 assert anotherOfficeSpace == officeSpace

 // equals() and hashCode() are added, so duplicate is not in Set.
 def offices = [officeSpace, anotherOfficeSpace, theOffice] as Set
 assert offices.size() == 2
 assert offices.name.join(',') == 'Initech office,Wernham Hogg Paper Company'

 @Canonical
 @ToString(excludes='age')  // Customize one of the transformations.
 class Person {
     String name
     int age
 }

 def mrhaki = new Person('mrhaki', 37)
 assert mrhaki.toString() == 'Person(mrhaki)'
 

See Also:

ToString

EqualsAndHashCode

ImmutableBase

ImmutableOptions

PropertyOptions

TupleConstructor

MapConstructor

KnownImmutable

Canonical

Since:

1.7