[Java] Annotation Type ToString

Class annotation used to assist in the creation of toString() methods in classes. The @ToString annotation instructs the compiler to execute an AST transformation which adds the necessary toString() method.

It allows you to write classes in this shortened form:

 @ToString
 class Customer {
     String first, last
     int age
     Date since = new Date()
     Collection favItems
     private answer = 42
 }
 println new Customer(first:'Tom', last:'Jones', age:21, favItems:['Books', 'Games'])
 

Which will have this output:

 Customer(Tom, Jones, 21, Wed Jul 14 23:57:14 EST 2010, [Books, Games])
 

There are numerous options to customize the format of the generated output. E.g. if you change the first annotation to:

 @ToString(includeNames=true)
 

Then the output will be:

 Customer(first:Tom, last:Jones, age:21, since:Wed Jul 14 23:57:50 EST 2010, favItems:[Books, Games])
 

Or if you change the first annotation to:

 @ToString(includeNames=true,includeFields=true,excludes="since,favItems")
 

Then the output will be:

 Customer(first:Tom, last:Jones, age:21, answer:42)
 

If you have this example:

 import groovy.transform.ToString
 @ToString class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 @ToString(includeNames=true,includeSuper=true)
 class AgedThing extends NamedThing {
     int age
 }
 String agedThingAsString = new AgedThing(name:'Lassie', age:5).toString()
 assert agedThingAsString == 'AgedThing(age:5, super:NamedThing(Lassie))'
 

@ToString can also be used in conjunction with @Canonical and @Immutable.

If you want to omit fields or properties referring to null, you can use the ignoreNulls flag:

 import groovy.transform.ToString
 @ToString(ignoreNulls = true) class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 assert new NamedThing(name: null).toString() == 'NamedThing()'
 

By default the fully-qualified class name is used as part of the generated toString. If you want to exclude the package, you can set the includePackage flag to false, e.g.:

 package my.company
 import groovy.transform.ToString
 @ToString(includePackage = false) class NamedThing {
     String name
 }
 println new NamedThing(name: "Lassie")
 

Which results in:

 NamedThing(name: Lassie)
 

If the includePackage flag is true (the default), then the output will be:

 my.company.NamedThing(name: Lassie)
 

More examples:

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // Most simple implementation of toString.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(mrhaki, [Groovy, Java])'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // includeNames to output the names of the properties.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java])'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // includeFields to not only output properties, but also field values.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true, includeFields=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java], active:false)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // Use includeSuper to include properties from super class in output.
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true)
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 @ToString(includeSuper=true, includeNames=true)
 class Student extends Person {
     List courses
 }

 def student = new Student(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'], courses: ['IT', 'Business'])

 assert student.toString() == 'Student(courses:[IT, Business], super:Person(name:mrhaki, likes:[Groovy, Java]))'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 // excludes active field and likes property from output
 import groovy.transform.ToString

 @ToString(includeNames=true, includeFields=true, excludes='active,likes')
 class Person {
     String name
     List likes
     private boolean active = false
 }

 def person = new Person(name: 'mrhaki', likes: ['Groovy', 'Java'])

 assert person.toString() == 'Person(name:mrhaki)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Don't include the package name in the output
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(includePackage=false)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 final Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101', maxAttendees: 200)

 assert course.toString() == 'Course(Groovy 101, 200)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Don't use properties with null value.
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(ignoreNulls=true)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 final Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101')

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101)'
 

 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Cache toString() result.
 package com.mrhaki.blog.groovy

 import groovy.transform.*

 @ToString(cache=true)
 class Course {
     String title
     Integer maxAttendees
 }

 Course course = new Course(title: 'Groovy 101', maxAttendees: 200)

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101, 200)'

 // Value change will not be reflected in toString().
 course.title = 'Grails with REST'

 assert course.toString() == 'com.mrhaki.blog.groovy.Course(Groovy 101, 200)'
 assert course.title == 'Grails with REST'
 

Authors:

Paul King

Andre Steingress

See Also:

Immutable

Canonical

Since:

1.8.0