QLibrary Class

The QLibrary class loads shared libraries at runtime. More...

Header:	#include <QLibrary>
qmake:	QT += core
Inherits:	QObject

• List of all members, including inherited members

Note: All functions in this class are reentrant.

Public Types

enum	LoadHint { ResolveAllSymbolsHint, ExportExternalSymbolsHint, LoadArchiveMemberHint, PreventUnloadHint, DeepBindHint }
flags	LoadHints

Properties

• fileName : QString
• loadHints : LoadHints

Public Functions

	QLibrary(const QString &fileName, const QString &version, QObject *parent = nullptr)
	QLibrary(const QString &fileName, int verNum, QObject *parent = nullptr)
	QLibrary(const QString &fileName, QObject *parent = nullptr)
	QLibrary(QObject *parent = nullptr)
virtual	~QLibrary()
QString	errorString() const
QString	fileName() const
bool	isLoaded() const
bool	load()
QLibrary::LoadHints	loadHints() const
QFunctionPointer	resolve(const char *symbol)
void	setFileName(const QString &fileName)
void	setFileNameAndVersion(const QString &fileName, int versionNumber)
void	setFileNameAndVersion(const QString &fileName, const QString &version)
void	setLoadHints(QLibrary::LoadHints hints)
bool	unload()

Static Public Members

bool	isLibrary(const QString &fileName)
QFunctionPointer	resolve(const QString &fileName, const char *symbol)
QFunctionPointer	resolve(const QString &fileName, int verNum, const char *symbol)
QFunctionPointer	resolve(const QString &fileName, const QString &version, const char *symbol)

Detailed Description

An instance of a QLibrary object operates on a single shared object file (which we call a "library", but is also known as a "DLL"). A QLibrary provides access to the functionality in the library in a platform independent way. You can either pass a file name in the constructor, or set it explicitly with setFileName(). When loading the library, QLibrary searches in all the system-specific library locations (e.g. LD_LIBRARY_PATH on Unix), unless the file name has an absolute path.

If the file name is an absolute path then an attempt is made to load this path first. If the file cannot be found, QLibrary tries the name with different platform-specific file prefixes, like "lib" on Unix and Mac, and suffixes, like ".so" on Unix, ".dylib" on the Mac, or ".dll" on Windows.

If the file path is not absolute then QLibrary modifies the search order to try the system-specific prefixes and suffixes first, followed by the file path specified.

This makes it possible to specify shared libraries that are only identified by their basename (i.e. without their suffix), so the same code will work on different operating systems yet still minimise the number of attempts to find the library.

The most important functions are load() to dynamically load the library file, isLoaded() to check whether loading was successful, and resolve() to resolve a symbol in the library. The resolve() function implicitly tries to load the library if it has not been loaded yet. Multiple instances of QLibrary can be used to access the same physical library. Once loaded, libraries remain in memory until the application terminates. You can attempt to unload a library using unload(), but if other instances of QLibrary are using the same library, the call will fail, and unloading will only happen when every instance has called unload().

A typical use of QLibrary is to resolve an exported symbol in a library, and to call the C function that this symbol represents. This is called "explicit linking" in contrast to "implicit linking", which is done by the link step in the build process when linking an executable against a library.

The following code snippet loads a library, resolves the symbol "mysymbol", and calls the function if everything succeeded. If something goes wrong, e.g. the library file does not exist or the symbol is not defined, the function pointer will be nullptr and won't be called.

QLibrary myLib("mylib");
typedef void (*MyPrototype)();
MyPrototype myFunction = (MyPrototype) myLib.resolve("mysymbol");
if (myFunction)
    myFunction();

The symbol must be exported as a C function from the library for resolve() to work. This means that the function must be wrapped in an extern "C" block if the library is compiled with a C++ compiler. On Windows, this also requires the use of a dllexport macro; see resolve() for the details of how this is done. For convenience, there is a static resolve() function which you can use if you just want to call a function in a library without explicitly loading the library first:

typedef void (*MyPrototype)();
MyPrototype myFunction =
        (MyPrototype) QLibrary::resolve("mylib", "mysymbol");
if (myFunction)
    myFunction();

See also QPluginLoader.

Member Type Documentation

enum QLibrary::LoadHintflags QLibrary::LoadHints

This enum describes the possible hints that can be used to change the way libraries are handled when they are loaded. These values indicate how symbols are resolved when libraries are loaded, and are specified using the setLoadHints() function.

Constant	Value	Description
QLibrary::ResolveAllSymbolsHint	0x01	Causes all symbols in a library to be resolved when it is loaded, not simply when resolve() is called.
QLibrary::ExportExternalSymbolsHint	0x02	Exports unresolved and external symbols in the library so that they can be resolved in other dynamically-loaded libraries loaded later.
QLibrary::LoadArchiveMemberHint	0x04	Allows the file name of the library to specify a particular object file within an archive file. If this hint is given, the filename of the library consists of a path, which is a reference to an archive file, followed by a reference to the archive member.
QLibrary::PreventUnloadHint	0x08	Prevents the library from being unloaded from the address space if close() is called. The library's static variables are not reinitialized if open() is called at a later time.
QLibrary::DeepBindHint	0x10	Instructs the linker to prefer definitions in the loaded library over exported definitions in the loading application when resolving external symbols in the loaded library. This option is only supported on Linux.

The LoadHints type is a typedef for QFlags<LoadHint>. It stores an OR combination of LoadHint values.

See also loadHints.

Member Function Documentation

QLibrary::QLibrary(const QString &fileName, const QString &version, QObject *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a library object with the given parent that will load the library specified by fileName and full version number version. Currently, the version number is ignored on Windows.

We recommend omitting the file's suffix in fileName, since QLibrary will automatically look for the file with the appropriate suffix in accordance with the platform, e.g. ".so" on Unix, ".dylib" on macOS and iOS, and ".dll" on Windows. (See fileName.)

QLibrary::QLibrary(const QString &fileName, int verNum, QObject *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a library object with the given parent that will load the library specified by fileName and major version number verNum. Currently, the version number is ignored on Windows.

We recommend omitting the file's suffix in fileName, since QLibrary will automatically look for the file with the appropriate suffix in accordance with the platform, e.g. ".so" on Unix, ".dylib" on macOS and iOS, and ".dll" on Windows. (See fileName.)

QLibrary::QLibrary(const QString &fileName, QObject *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a library object with the given parent that will load the library specified by fileName.

We recommend omitting the file's suffix in fileName, since QLibrary will automatically look for the file with the appropriate suffix in accordance with the platform, e.g. ".so" on Unix, ".dylib" on macOS and iOS, and ".dll" on Windows. (See fileName.)

QLibrary::QLibrary(QObject *parent = nullptr)

Constructs a library with the given parent.

[virtual] QLibrary::~QLibrary()

Destroys the QLibrary object.

Unless unload() was called explicitly, the library stays in memory until the application terminates.

See also isLoaded() and unload().

QString QLibrary::errorString() const

Returns a text string with the description of the last error that occurred. Currently, errorString will only be set if load(), unload() or resolve() for some reason fails.

This function was introduced in Qt 4.2.

[static] bool QLibrary::isLibrary(const QString &fileName)

Returns true if fileName has a valid suffix for a loadable library; otherwise returns false.

Platform	Valid suffixes
Windows	.dll, .DLL
Unix/Linux	.so
AIX	.a
HP-UX	.sl, .so (HP-UXi)
macOS and iOS	.dylib, .bundle, .so

Trailing versioning numbers on Unix are ignored.

bool QLibrary::isLoaded() const

Returns true if the library is loaded; otherwise returns false.

See also load().

bool QLibrary::load()

Loads the library and returns true if the library was loaded successfully; otherwise returns false. Since resolve() always calls this function before resolving any symbols it is not necessary to call it explicitly. In some situations you might want the library loaded in advance, in which case you would use this function.

See also unload().

QFunctionPointer QLibrary::resolve(const char *symbol)

Returns the address of the exported symbol symbol. The library is loaded if necessary. The function returns nullptr if the symbol could not be resolved or if the library could not be loaded.

Example:

typedef int (*AvgFunction)(int, int);

AvgFunction avg = (AvgFunction) library->resolve("avg");
if (avg)
    return avg(5, 8);
else
    return -1;

The symbol must be exported as a C function from the library. This means that the function must be wrapped in an extern "C" if the library is compiled with a C++ compiler. On Windows you must also explicitly export the function from the DLL using the __declspec(dllexport) compiler directive, for example:

extern "C" MY_EXPORT int avg(int a, int b)
{
    return (a + b) / 2;
}

with MY_EXPORT defined as

#ifdef Q_OS_WIN
#define MY_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define MY_EXPORT
#endif

[static] QFunctionPointer QLibrary::resolve(const QString &fileName, const char *symbol)

This is an overloaded function.

Loads the library fileName and returns the address of the exported symbol symbol. Note that fileName should not include the platform-specific file suffix; (see fileName). The library remains loaded until the application exits.

The function returns nullptr if the symbol could not be resolved or if the library could not be loaded.

See also resolve().

[static] QFunctionPointer QLibrary::resolve(const QString &fileName, int verNum, const char *symbol)

This is an overloaded function.

Loads the library fileName with major version number verNum and returns the address of the exported symbol symbol. Note that fileName should not include the platform-specific file suffix; (see fileName). The library remains loaded until the application exits. verNum is ignored on Windows.

The function returns nullptr if the symbol could not be resolved or if the library could not be loaded.

See also resolve().

[static] QFunctionPointer QLibrary::resolve(const QString &fileName, const QString &version, const char *symbol)

This is an overloaded function.

Loads the library fileName with full version number version and returns the address of the exported symbol symbol. Note that fileName should not include the platform-specific file suffix; (see fileName). The library remains loaded until the application exits. version is ignored on Windows.

The function returns nullptr if the symbol could not be resolved or if the library could not be loaded.

This function was introduced in Qt 4.4.

See also resolve().

void QLibrary::setFileNameAndVersion(const QString &fileName, int versionNumber)

Sets the fileName property and major version number to fileName and versionNumber respectively. The versionNumber is ignored on Windows.

See also setFileName().

void QLibrary::setFileNameAndVersion(const QString &fileName, const QString &version)

Sets the fileName property and full version number to fileName and version respectively. The version parameter is ignored on Windows.

This function was introduced in Qt 4.4.

See also setFileName().

bool QLibrary::unload()

Unloads the library and returns true if the library could be unloaded; otherwise returns false.

This happens automatically on application termination, so you shouldn't normally need to call this function.

If other instances of QLibrary are using the same library, the call will fail, and unloading will only happen when every instance has called unload().

Note that on Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther), dynamic libraries cannot be unloaded.

See also resolve() and load().