Strings

Base.lengthMethod

length(s::AbstractString)

The number of characters in string s.

Example

julia> length("jμΛIα")
5

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Base.sizeofMethod

sizeof(s::AbstractString)

The number of bytes in string s.

Example

julia> sizeof("❤")
3

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Base.:*Method

*(x, y...)

Multiplication operator. x*y*z*... calls this function with all arguments, i.e. *(x, y, z, ...).

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Base.:^Method

^(s::AbstractString, n::Integer)

Repeat n times the string s. The repeat function is an alias to this operator.

julia> "Test "^3
"Test Test Test "

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Base.stringFunction

string(xs...)

Create a string from any values using the print function.

julia> string("a", 1, true)
"a1true"

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Base.reprFunction

repr(x)

Create a string from any value using the showall function.

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Core.StringMethod

String(s::AbstractString)

Convert a string to a contiguous byte array representation encoded as UTF-8 bytes. This representation is often appropriate for passing strings to C.

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Base.transcodeFunction

transcode(T, src)

Convert string data between Unicode encodings. src is either a String or a Vector{UIntXX} of UTF-XX code units, where XX is 8, 16, or 32. T indicates the encoding of the return value: String to return a (UTF-8 encoded) String or UIntXX to return a Vector{UIntXX} of UTF-XX data. (The alias Cwchar_t can also be used as the integer type, for converting wchar_t* strings used by external C libraries.)

The transcode function succeeds as long as the input data can be reasonably represented in the target encoding; it always succeeds for conversions between UTF-XX encodings, even for invalid Unicode data.

Only conversion to/from UTF-8 is currently supported.

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Base.unsafe_stringFunction

unsafe_string(p::Ptr{UInt8}, [length::Integer])

Copy a string from the address of a C-style (NUL-terminated) string encoded as UTF-8. (The pointer can be safely freed afterwards.) If length is specified (the length of the data in bytes), the string does not have to be NUL-terminated.

This function is labelled "unsafe" because it will crash if p is not a valid memory address to data of the requested length.

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Base.codeunitMethod

codeunit(s::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Get the ith code unit of an encoded string. For example, returns the ith byte of the representation of a UTF-8 string.

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Base.asciiFunction

ascii(s::AbstractString)

Convert a string to String type and check that it contains only ASCII data, otherwise throwing an ArgumentError indicating the position of the first non-ASCII byte.

julia> ascii("abcdeγfgh")
ERROR: ArgumentError: invalid ASCII at index 6 in "abcdeγfgh"
Stacktrace:
 [1] ascii(::String) at ./strings/util.jl:479

julia> ascii("abcdefgh")
"abcdefgh"

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Base.@r_strMacro

@r_str -> Regex

Construct a regex, such as r"^[a-z]*$". The regex also accepts one or more flags, listed after the ending quote, to change its behaviour:

• i enables case-insensitive matching

• m treats the ^ and $ tokens as matching the start and end of individual lines, as opposed to the whole string.

• s allows the . modifier to match newlines.

• x enables "comment mode": whitespace is enabled except when escaped with \, and # is treated as starting a comment.

For example, this regex has all three flags enabled:

julia> match(r"a+.*b+.*?d$"ism, "Goodbye,\nOh, angry,\nBad world\n")
RegexMatch("angry,\nBad world")

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Base.Docs.@html_strMacro

@html_str -> Docs.HTML

Create an HTML object from a literal string.

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Base.Docs.@text_strMacro

@text_str -> Docs.Text

Create a Text object from a literal string.

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Base.UTF8proc.normalize_stringFunction

normalize_string(s::AbstractString, normalform::Symbol)

Normalize the string s according to one of the four "normal forms" of the Unicode standard: normalform can be :NFC, :NFD, :NFKC, or :NFKD. Normal forms C (canonical composition) and D (canonical decomposition) convert different visually identical representations of the same abstract string into a single canonical form, with form C being more compact. Normal forms KC and KD additionally canonicalize "compatibility equivalents": they convert characters that are abstractly similar but visually distinct into a single canonical choice (e.g. they expand ligatures into the individual characters), with form KC being more compact.

Alternatively, finer control and additional transformations may be be obtained by calling normalize_string(s; keywords...), where any number of the following boolean keywords options (which all default to false except for compose) are specified:

• compose=false: do not perform canonical composition

• decompose=true: do canonical decomposition instead of canonical composition (compose=true is ignored if present)

• compat=true: compatibility equivalents are canonicalized

• casefold=true: perform Unicode case folding, e.g. for case-insensitive string comparison

• newline2lf=true, newline2ls=true, or newline2ps=true: convert various newline sequences (LF, CRLF, CR, NEL) into a linefeed (LF), line-separation (LS), or paragraph-separation (PS) character, respectively

• stripmark=true: strip diacritical marks (e.g. accents)

• stripignore=true: strip Unicode's "default ignorable" characters (e.g. the soft hyphen or the left-to-right marker)

• stripcc=true: strip control characters; horizontal tabs and form feeds are converted to spaces; newlines are also converted to spaces unless a newline-conversion flag was specified

• rejectna=true: throw an error if unassigned code points are found

• stable=true: enforce Unicode Versioning Stability

For example, NFKC corresponds to the options compose=true, compat=true, stable=true.

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Base.UTF8proc.graphemesFunction

graphemes(s::AbstractString) -> GraphemeIterator

Returns an iterator over substrings of s that correspond to the extended graphemes in the string, as defined by Unicode UAX #29. (Roughly, these are what users would perceive as single characters, even though they may contain more than one codepoint; for example a letter combined with an accent mark is a single grapheme.)

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Base.isvalidMethod

isvalid(value) -> Bool

Returns true if the given value is valid for its type, which currently can be either Char or String.

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Base.isvalidMethod

isvalid(T, value) -> Bool

Returns true if the given value is valid for that type. Types currently can be either Char or String. Values for Char can be of type Char or UInt32. Values for String can be of that type, or Vector{UInt8}.

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Base.isvalidMethod

isvalid(str::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Tells whether index i is valid for the given string.

Examples

julia> str = "αβγdef";

julia> isvalid(str, 1)
true

julia> str[1]
'α': Unicode U+03b1 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> isvalid(str, 2)
false

julia> str[2]
ERROR: UnicodeError: invalid character index
[...]

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Base.UTF8proc.is_assigned_charFunction

is_assigned_char(c) -> Bool

Returns true if the given char or integer is an assigned Unicode code point.

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Base.ismatchFunction

ismatch(r::Regex, s::AbstractString) -> Bool

Test whether a string contains a match of the given regular expression.

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Base.matchFunction

match(r::Regex, s::AbstractString[, idx::Integer[, addopts]])

Search for the first match of the regular expression r in s and return a RegexMatch object containing the match, or nothing if the match failed. The matching substring can be retrieved by accessing m.match and the captured sequences can be retrieved by accessing m.captures The optional idx argument specifies an index at which to start the search.

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Base.eachmatchFunction

eachmatch(r::Regex, s::AbstractString[, overlap::Bool=false])

Search for all matches of a the regular expression r in s and return a iterator over the matches. If overlap is true, the matching sequences are allowed to overlap indices in the original string, otherwise they must be from distinct character ranges.

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Base.matchallFunction

matchall(r::Regex, s::AbstractString[, overlap::Bool=false]) -> Vector{AbstractString}

Return a vector of the matching substrings from eachmatch.

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Base.lpadFunction

lpad(s, n::Integer, p::AbstractString=" ")

Make a string at least n columns wide when printed by padding s on the left with copies of p.

julia> lpad("March",10)
"     March"

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Base.rpadFunction

rpad(s, n::Integer, p::AbstractString=" ")

Make a string at least n columns wide when printed by padding s on the right with copies of p.

julia> rpad("March",20)
"March               "

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Base.searchFunction

search(string::AbstractString, chars::Chars, [start::Integer])

Search for the first occurrence of the given characters within the given string. The second argument may be a single character, a vector or a set of characters, a string, or a regular expression (though regular expressions are only allowed on contiguous strings, such as ASCII or UTF-8 strings). The third argument optionally specifies a starting index. The return value is a range of indexes where the matching sequence is found, such that s[search(s,x)] == x:

search(string, "substring") = start:end such that string[start:end] == "substring", or 0:-1 if unmatched.

search(string, 'c') = index such that string[index] == 'c', or 0 if unmatched.

julia> search("Hello to the world", "z")
0:-1

julia> search("JuliaLang","Julia")
1:5

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Base.rsearchFunction

rsearch(s::AbstractString, chars::Chars, [start::Integer])

Similar to search, but returning the last occurrence of the given characters within the given string, searching in reverse from start.

julia> rsearch("aaabbb","b")
6:6

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Base.searchindexFunction

searchindex(s::AbstractString, substring, [start::Integer])

Similar to search, but return only the start index at which the substring is found, or 0 if it is not.

julia> searchindex("Hello to the world", "z")
0

julia> searchindex("JuliaLang","Julia")
1

julia> searchindex("JuliaLang","Lang")
6

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Base.rsearchindexFunction

rsearchindex(s::AbstractString, substring, [start::Integer])

Similar to rsearch, but return only the start index at which the substring is found, or 0 if it is not.

julia> rsearchindex("aaabbb","b")
6

julia> rsearchindex("aaabbb","a")
3

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Base.containsMethod

contains(haystack::AbstractString, needle::AbstractString)

Determine whether the second argument is a substring of the first.

julia> contains("JuliaLang is pretty cool!", "Julia")
true

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Base.reverseMethod

reverse(s::AbstractString) -> AbstractString

Reverses a string.

julia> reverse("JuliaLang")
"gnaLailuJ"

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Base.replaceFunction

replace(string::AbstractString, pat, r[, n::Integer=0])

Search for the given pattern pat, and replace each occurrence with r. If n is provided, replace at most n occurrences. As with search, the second argument may be a single character, a vector or a set of characters, a string, or a regular expression. If r is a function, each occurrence is replaced with r(s) where s is the matched substring. If pat is a regular expression and r is a SubstitutionString, then capture group references in r are replaced with the corresponding matched text.

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Base.splitFunction

split(s::AbstractString, [chars]; limit::Integer=0, keep::Bool=true)

Return an array of substrings by splitting the given string on occurrences of the given character delimiters, which may be specified in any of the formats allowed by search's second argument (i.e. a single character, collection of characters, string, or regular expression). If chars is omitted, it defaults to the set of all space characters, and keep is taken to be false. The two keyword arguments are optional: they are a maximum size for the result and a flag determining whether empty fields should be kept in the result.

julia> a = "Ma.rch"
"Ma.rch"

julia> split(a,".")
2-element Array{SubString{String},1}:
 "Ma"
 "rch"

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Base.rsplitFunction

rsplit(s::AbstractString, [chars]; limit::Integer=0, keep::Bool=true)

Similar to split, but starting from the end of the string.

julia> a = "M.a.r.c.h"
"M.a.r.c.h"

julia> rsplit(a,".")
5-element Array{SubString{String},1}:
 "M"
 "a"
 "r"
 "c"
 "h"

julia> rsplit(a,".";limit=1)
1-element Array{SubString{String},1}:
 "M.a.r.c.h"

julia> rsplit(a,".";limit=2)
2-element Array{SubString{String},1}:
 "M.a.r.c"
 "h"

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Base.stripFunction

strip(s::AbstractString, [chars::Chars])

Return s with any leading and trailing whitespace removed. If chars (a character, or vector or set of characters) is provided, instead remove characters contained in it.

julia> strip("{3, 5}\n", ['{', '}', '\n'])
"3, 5"

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Base.lstripFunction

lstrip(s::AbstractString[, chars::Chars])

Return s with any leading whitespace and delimiters removed. The default delimiters to remove are ' ', \t, \n, \v, \f, and \r. If chars (a character, or vector or set of characters) is provided, instead remove characters contained in it.

julia> a = lpad("March", 20)
"               March"

julia> lstrip(a)
"March"

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Base.rstripFunction

rstrip(s::AbstractString[, chars::Chars])

Return s with any trailing whitespace and delimiters removed. The default delimiters to remove are ' ', \t, \n, \v, \f, and \r. If chars (a character, or vector or set of characters) is provided, instead remove characters contained in it.

julia> a = rpad("March", 20)
"March               "

julia> rstrip(a)
"March"

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Base.startswithFunction

startswith(s::AbstractString, prefix::AbstractString)

Returns true if s starts with prefix. If prefix is a vector or set of characters, tests whether the first character of s belongs to that set.

See also endswith.

julia> startswith("JuliaLang", "Julia")
true

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Base.endswithFunction

endswith(s::AbstractString, suffix::AbstractString)

Returns true if s ends with suffix. If suffix is a vector or set of characters, tests whether the last character of s belongs to that set.

See also startswith.

julia> endswith("Sunday", "day")
true

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Base.uppercaseFunction

uppercase(s::AbstractString)

Returns s with all characters converted to uppercase.

Example

julia> uppercase("Julia")
"JULIA"

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Base.lowercaseFunction

lowercase(s::AbstractString)

Returns s with all characters converted to lowercase.

Example

julia> lowercase("STRINGS AND THINGS")
"strings and things"

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Base.titlecaseFunction

titlecase(s::AbstractString)

Capitalizes the first character of each word in s.

Example

julia> titlecase("the julia programming language")
"The Julia Programming Language"

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Base.ucfirstFunction

ucfirst(s::AbstractString)

Returns string with the first character converted to uppercase.

Example

julia> ucfirst("python")
"Python"

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Base.lcfirstFunction

lcfirst(s::AbstractString)

Returns string with the first character converted to lowercase.

Example

julia> lcfirst("Julia")
"julia"

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Base.joinFunction

join(io::IO, strings, delim, [last])

Join an array of strings into a single string, inserting the given delimiter between adjacent strings. If last is given, it will be used instead of delim between the last two strings. For example,

julia> join(["apples", "bananas", "pineapples"], ", ", " and ")
"apples, bananas and pineapples"

strings can be any iterable over elements x which are convertible to strings via print(io::IOBuffer, x). strings will be printed to io.

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Base.chopFunction

chop(s::AbstractString)

Remove the last character from s.

julia> a = "March"
"March"

julia> chop(a)
"Marc"

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Base.chompFunction

chomp(s::AbstractString)

Remove a single trailing newline from a string.

julia> chomp("Hello\n")
"Hello"

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Base.ind2chrFunction

ind2chr(s::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Convert a byte index i to a character index with respect to string s.

See also chr2ind.

Example

julia> str = "αβγdef";

julia> ind2chr(str, 3)
2

julia> chr2ind(str, 2)
3

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Base.chr2indFunction

chr2ind(s::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Convert a character index i to a byte index.

See also ind2chr.

Example

julia> str = "αβγdef";

julia> chr2ind(str, 2)
3

julia> ind2chr(str, 3)
2

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Base.nextindFunction

nextind(str::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Get the next valid string index after i. Returns a value greater than endof(str) at or after the end of the string.

Examples

julia> str = "αβγdef";

julia> nextind(str, 1)
3

julia> endof(str)
9

julia> nextind(str, 9)
10

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Base.previndFunction

prevind(str::AbstractString, i::Integer)

Get the previous valid string index before i. Returns a value less than 1 at the beginning of the string.

Examples

julia> prevind("αβγdef", 3)
1

julia> prevind("αβγdef", 1)
0

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Base.Random.randstringFunction

randstring([rng,] len=8)

Create a random ASCII string of length len, consisting of upper- and lower-case letters and the digits 0-9. The optional rng argument specifies a random number generator, see Random Numbers.

Example

julia> rng = MersenneTwister(1234);

julia> randstring(rng, 4)
"mbDd"

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Base.UTF8proc.charwidthFunction

charwidth(c)

Gives the number of columns needed to print a character.

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Base.strwidthFunction

strwidth(s::AbstractString)

Gives the number of columns needed to print a string.

Example

julia> strwidth("March")
5

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Base.UTF8proc.isalnumFunction

isalnum(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is alphanumeric. A character is classified as alphabetic if it belongs to the Unicode general category Letter or Number, i.e. a character whose category code begins with 'L' or 'N'.

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Base.UTF8proc.isalphaFunction

isalpha(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is alphabetic. A character is classified as alphabetic if it belongs to the Unicode general category Letter, i.e. a character whose category code begins with 'L'.

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Base.isasciiFunction

isascii(c::Union{Char,AbstractString}) -> Bool

Tests whether a character belongs to the ASCII character set, or whether this is true for all elements of a string.

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Base.UTF8proc.iscntrlFunction

iscntrl(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is a control character. Control characters are the non-printing characters of the Latin-1 subset of Unicode.

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Base.UTF8proc.isdigitFunction

isdigit(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is a numeric digit (0-9).

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Base.UTF8proc.isgraphFunction

isgraph(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is printable, and not a space. Any character that would cause a printer to use ink should be classified with isgraph(c)==true.

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Base.UTF8proc.islowerFunction

islower(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is a lowercase letter. A character is classified as lowercase if it belongs to Unicode category Ll, Letter: Lowercase.

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Base.UTF8proc.isnumberFunction

isnumber(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is numeric. A character is classified as numeric if it belongs to the Unicode general category Number, i.e. a character whose category code begins with 'N'.

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Base.UTF8proc.isprintFunction

isprint(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is printable, including spaces, but not a control character.

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Base.UTF8proc.ispunctFunction

ispunct(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character belongs to the Unicode general category Punctuation, i.e. a character whose category code begins with 'P'.

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Base.UTF8proc.isspaceFunction

isspace(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is any whitespace character. Includes ASCII characters '\t', '\n', '\v', '\f', '\r', and ' ', Latin-1 character U+0085, and characters in Unicode category Zs.

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Base.UTF8proc.isupperFunction

isupper(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is an uppercase letter. A character is classified as uppercase if it belongs to Unicode category Lu, Letter: Uppercase, or Lt, Letter: Titlecase.

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Base.isxdigitFunction

isxdigit(c::Char) -> Bool

Tests whether a character is a valid hexadecimal digit. Note that this does not include x (as in the standard 0x prefix).

Example

julia> isxdigit('a')
true

julia> isxdigit('x')
false

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Core.SymbolType

Symbol(x...) -> Symbol

Create a Symbol by concatenating the string representations of the arguments together.

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Base.escape_stringFunction

escape_string([io,] str::AbstractString[, esc::AbstractString]) -> AbstractString

General escaping of traditional C and Unicode escape sequences. Any characters in esc are also escaped (with a backslash). See also unescape_string.

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Base.unescape_stringFunction

unescape_string([io,] s::AbstractString) -> AbstractString

General unescaping of traditional C and Unicode escape sequences. Reverse of escape_string.

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