Modify a web page

One of the most common use cases for an extension is to modify a web page. For example, an extension might want to change the style applied to a page, hide particular DOM nodes, or inject extra DOM nodes into the page.

There are two ways to do this with WebExtensions APIs:

• Declaratively: Define a pattern that matches a set of URLs, and load a set of scripts into pages whose URL matches that pattern.
• Programmatically: Using a JavaScript API, load a script into the page hosted by a particular tab.

Either way, these scripts are called content scripts, and are different from the other scripts that make up an extension:

• They only get access to a small subset of the WebExtension APIs.
• They get direct access to the web page in which they are loaded.
• They communicate with the rest of the extension using a messaging API.

In this article we'll look at both methods of loading a script.

Modifying pages that match a URL pattern

First of all, create a new directory called "modify-page". In that directory, create a file called "manifest.json", with the following contents:

{

  "manifest_version": 2,
  "name": "modify-page",
  "version": "1.0",

  "content_scripts": [
    {
      "matches": ["https://developer.mozilla.org/*"],
      "js": ["page-eater.js"]
    }
  ]

}

The content_scripts key is how you load scripts into pages that match URL patterns. In this case, content_scripts instructs the browser to load a script called "page-eater.js" into all pages under https://developer.mozilla.org/.

Next, create a file called "page-eater.js" inside the "modify-page" directory, and give it the following contents:

document.body.textContent = "";

var header = document.createElement('h1');
header.textContent = "This page has been eaten";
document.body.appendChild(header);

Now install the extension, and visit https://developer.mozilla.org/:

Modifying pages programmatically

What if you still want to eat pages, but only when the user asks you to? Let's update this example so we inject the content script when the user clicks a context menu item.

First, update "manifest.json" so it has the following contents:

{

  "manifest_version": 2,
  "name": "modify-page",
  "version": "1.0",

  "permissions": [
    "activeTab",
    "contextMenus"
  ],

  "background": {
    "scripts": ["background.js"]
  }

}

Here, we've removed the content_scripts key, and added two new keys:

• permissions: To inject scripts into pages we need permissions for the page we're modifying. The activeTab permission is a way to get this temporarily for the currently active tab. We also need the contextMenus permission to be able to add context menu items.
• background: We're using this to load a persistent "background script" called background.js, in which we'll set up the context menu and inject the content script.

Let's create this file. Create a new file called background.js in the modify-page directory, and give it the following contents:

browser.contextMenus.create({
  id: "eat-page",
  title: "Eat this page"
});

browser.contextMenus.onClicked.addListener(function(info, tab) {
  if (info.menuItemId == "eat-page") {
    browser.tabs.executeScript({
      file: "page-eater.js"
    });
  }
});

In this script we're creating a context menu item, giving it a specific id and title (the text to be displayed in the context menu). Then we set up an event listener so that when the user clicks a context menu item, we check to see if it is our eat-page item. If it is, we inject "page-eater.js" into the current tab using the tabs.executeScript() API. This API optionally takes a tab ID as an argument: we've omitted the tab ID, which means that the script is injected into the currently active tab.

At this point the extension should look like this:

modify-page/
    background.js
    manifest.json
    page-eater.js

Now reload the extension, open a page (any page, this time) activate the context menu, and select "Eat this page":

Messaging

Content scripts and background scripts can't directly access each other's state. However, they can communicate by sending messages. One end sets up a message listener, and the other end can then send it a message. The following table summarizes the APIs involved on each side:

Let's update our example to show how to send a message from the background script.

First, edit background.js so that it has these contents:

browser.contextMenus.create({
  id: "eat-page",
  title: "Eat this page"
});

function messageTab(tabs) {
  browser.tabs.sendMessage(tabs[0].id, {
    replacement: "Message from the extension!"
  });
}

function onExecuted(result) {
    let querying = browser.tabs.query({
        active: true,
        currentWindow: true
    });
    querying.then(messageTab);
}

browser.contextMenus.onClicked.addListener(function(info, tab) {
  if (info.menuItemId == "eat-page") {
    let executing = browser.tabs.executeScript({
      file: "page-eater.js"
    });
    executing.then(onExecuted);
  }
});

Now, after injecting page-eater.js, we use tabs.query() to get the currently active tab, and then use tabs.sendMessage() to send a message to the content scripts loaded into that tab. The message has the payload {replacement: "Message from the extension!"}.

Next, update page-eater.js like this:

function eatPageReceiver(request, sender, sendResponse) {
  document.body.textContent = "";
  let header = document.createElement('h1');
  header.textContent = request.replacement;
  document.body.appendChild(header);
}
browser.runtime.onMessage.addListener(eatPageReceiver);

Now, instead of just eating the page right away, the content script listens for a message using runtime.onMessage. When a message arrives, the content script runs essentially the same code as before, except that the replacement text is taken from request.replacement.

Since tabs.executeScript() is an asynchronous function, and to ensure we send message only after listener has been added in page-eater.js, we use onExecuted() which will be called after page-eater.js executed.

If we want send messages back from the content script to the background page, we would use runtime.sendMessage() instead of tabs.sendMessage(), e.g.:

browser.runtime.sendMessage({
    title: "from page-eater.js"
});

Learn more

• Content scripts guide
• content_scripts manifest key
• permissions manifest key
• tabs.executeScript()
• tabs.insertCSS()
• tabs.sendMessage()
• runtime.sendMessage()
• runtime.onMessage
• Examples using content_scripts:
  • borderify
  • emoji-substitution
  • notify-link-clicks-i18n
  • page-to-extension-messaging
• Examples using tabs.executeScript():
  • beastify
  • context-menu-copy-link-with-types