Module
ssh
Module Summary
Main API of the ssh application
Description
This is the interface module for the SSH
application. The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. See ssh(6)
for details of supported RFCs, versions, algorithms and unicode handling.
With the SSH application it is possible to start clients and to start daemons (servers).
Clients are started with connect/2
, connect/3
or connect/4
. They open an encrypted connection on top of TCP/IP. In that encrypted connection one or more channels could be opened with ssh_connection:session_channel/2,4
.
Each channel is an isolated "pipe" between a client-side process and a server-side process. Those process pairs could handle for example file transfers (sftp) or remote command execution (shell, exec and/or cli). If a custom shell is implemented, the user of the client could execute the special commands remotely. Note that the user is not necessarily a human but probably a system interfacing the SSH app.
A server-side subssystem (channel) server is requested by the client with ssh_connection:subsystem/4
.
A server (daemon) is started with daemon/1
, daemon/2
or daemon/3
. Possible channel handlers (subsystems) are declared with the subsystem
option when the daemon is started.
To just run a shell on a remote machine, there are functions that bundles the needed three steps needed into one: shell/1,2,3
. Similarily, to just open an sftp (file transfer) connection to a remote machine, the simplest way is to use ssh_sftp:start_channel/1,2,3
.
To write your own client channel handler, use the behaviour ssh_client_channel
. For server channel handlers use ssh_server_channel
behaviour (replaces ssh_daemon_channel).
Both clients and daemons accepts options that controls the exact behaviour. Some options are common to both. The three sets are called Client Options
, Daemon Options
and Common Options
.
The descriptions of the options uses the Erlang Type Language
with explaining text.
The User's Guide
has examples and a Getting Started
section.
Keys and files
A number of objects must be present for the SSH application to work. Those objects are per default stored in files. The default names, paths and file formats are the same as for OpenSSH
. Keys could be generated with the ssh-keygen
program from OpenSSH. See the User's Guide
.
The paths could easily be changed by options: user_dir
and system_dir
.
A completly different storage could be interfaced by writing call-back modules using the behaviours ssh_client_key_api
and/or ssh_server_key_api
. A callback module is installed with the option key_cb
to the client and/or the daemon.
Daemons
The keys are by default stored in files:
- Mandatory: one or more Host key(s), both private and public. Default is to store them in the directory
/etc/ssh
in the files-
ssh_host_dsa_key
andssh_host_dsa_key.pub
-
ssh_host_rsa_key
andssh_host_rsa_key.pub
-
ssh_host_ecdsa_key
andssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
The host keys directory could be changed with the option
system_dir
. -
- Optional: one or more User's public key in case of
publickey
authorization. Default is to store them concatenated in the file.ssh/authorized_keys
in the user's home directory.The user keys directory could be changed with the option
user_dir
.
Clients
The keys and some other data are by default stored in files in the directory .ssh
in the user's home directory.
The directory could be changed with the option user_dir
.
- Optional: a list of Host public key(s) for previously connected hosts. This list is handled by the SSH application without any need of user assistance. The default is to store them in the file
known_hosts
.The
host_accepting_client_options()
are associated with this list of keys. - Optional: one or more User's private key(s) in case of
publickey
authorization. The default files are-
id_dsa
andid_dsa.pub
-
id_rsa
andid_rsa.pub
-
id_ecdsa
andid_ecdsa.pub
-
Data Types
Client Options
client_options() = [client_option()]
client_option() =
ssh_file:pubkey_passphrase_client_options() |
host_accepting_client_options() |
authentication_client_options() |
diffie_hellman_group_exchange_client_option() |
connect_timeout_client_option() |
recv_ext_info_client_option() |
opaque_client_options() |
gen_tcp:connect_option() |
common_option()
Options for clients
. The individual options are further explained below or by following the hyperlinks.
Note that not every gen_tcp:connect_option()
is accepted. See set_sock_opts/2
for a list of prohibited options.
Also note that setting a gen_tcp:connect_option()
could change the socket in a way that impacts the ssh client's behaviour negatively. You use it on your own risk.
host_accepting_client_options() =
{silently_accept_hosts, accept_hosts()} |
{user_interaction, boolean()} |
{save_accepted_host, boolean()} |
{quiet_mode, boolean()}
accept_hosts() =
boolean() |
accept_callback() |
{HashAlgoSpec :: fp_digest_alg(), accept_callback()}
fp_digest_alg() = md5 | crypto:sha1() | crypto:sha2()
accept_callback() =
fun((PeerName :: string(), fingerprint()) -> boolean()) |
fun((PeerName :: string(),
Port :: inet:port_number(),
fingerprint()) ->
boolean())
fingerprint() = string() | [string()]
-
silently_accept_hosts
-
This option guides the
connect
function on how to act when the connected server presents a Host Key that the client has not seen before. The default is to ask the user with a question on stdio of whether to accept or reject the new Host Key. See the optionuser_dir
for specifying the path to the fileknown_hosts
where previously accepted Host Keys are recorded. See also the optionkey_cb
for the general way to handle keys.The option can be given in three different forms as seen
above
:- The value is a
boolean()
. The valuetrue
will make the client accept any unknown Host Key without any user interaction. The valuefalse
preserves the default behaviour of asking the user on stdio. - An
accept_callback()
will be called and the boolean return valuetrue
will make the client accept the Host Key. A return value offalse
will make the client to reject the Host Key and as a result the connection will be closed. The arguments to the fun are:-
PeerName
- a string with the name or address of the remote host. -
FingerPrint
- the fingerprint of the Host Key aspublic_key:ssh_hostkey_fingerprint/1
calculates it.
-
- A tuple
{HashAlgoSpec, accept_callback}
. TheHashAlgoSpec
specifies which hash algorithm shall be used to calculate the fingerprint used in the call of theaccept_callback()
. TheHashALgoSpec
is either an atom or a list of atoms as the first argument inpublic_key:ssh_hostkey_fingerprint/2
. If it is a list of hash algorithm names, theFingerPrint
argument in theaccept_callback()
will be a list of fingerprints in the same order as the corresponding name in theHashAlgoSpec
list.
- The value is a
user_interaction
-
If
false
, disables the client to connect to the server if any user interaction is needed, such as accepting the server to be added to theknown_hosts
file, or supplying a password.Even if user interaction is allowed it can be suppressed by other options, such as
silently_accept_hosts
andpassword
. However, those options are not always desirable to use from a security point of view.Defaults to
true
. save_accepted_host
-
If
true
, the client saves an accepted host key to avoid the accept question the next time the same host is connected. If the optionkey_cb
is not present, the key is saved in the file "known_hosts". See optionuser_dir
for the location of that file.If
false
, the key is not saved and the key will still be unknown at the next access of the same host.Defaults to
true
quiet_mode
-
If
true
, the client does not print anything on authorization.Defaults to
false
authentication_client_options() =
{user, string()} | {password, string()}
user
-
Provides the username. If this option is not given,
ssh
reads from the environment (LOGNAME
orUSER
on UNIX,USERNAME
on Windows). password
-
Provides a password for password authentication. If this option is not given, the user is asked for a password, if the password authentication method is attempted.
diffie_hellman_group_exchange_client_option() =
{dh_gex_limits,
{Min :: integer() >= 1,
I :: integer() >= 1,
Max :: integer() >= 1}}
Sets the three diffie-hellman-group-exchange parameters that guides the connected server in choosing a group. See RFC 4419
for the details. The default value is {1024, 6144, 8192}
.
connect_timeout_client_option() = {connect_timeout, timeout()}
Sets a timeout on the transport layer connect time. For gen_tcp
the time is in milli-seconds and the default value is infinity
.
See the parameter Timeout
in connect/4
for a timeout of the negotiation phase.
recv_ext_info_client_option() = {recv_ext_info, boolean()}
Make the client tell the server that the client accepts extension negotiation, that is, include ext-info-c
in the kexinit message sent. See RFC 8308
for details and ssh(6)
for a list of currently implemented extensions.
Default value is true
which is compatible with other implementations not supporting ext-info.
Daemon Options (Server Options)
daemon_options() = [daemon_option()]
daemon_option() =
subsystem_daemon_option() |
shell_daemon_option() |
exec_daemon_option() |
ssh_cli_daemon_option() |
tcpip_tunnel_out_daemon_option() |
tcpip_tunnel_in_daemon_option() |
authentication_daemon_options() |
diffie_hellman_group_exchange_daemon_option() |
negotiation_timeout_daemon_option() |
hello_timeout_daemon_option() |
hardening_daemon_options() |
callbacks_daemon_options() |
send_ext_info_daemon_option() |
opaque_daemon_options() |
gen_tcp:listen_option() |
common_option()
Options for daemons
. The individual options are further explained below or by following the hyperlinks.
Note that not every gen_tcp:listen_option()
is accepted. See set_sock_opts/2
for a list of prohibited options.
Also note that setting a gen_tcp:listen_option()
could change the socket in a way that impacts the ssh deamon's behaviour negatively. You use it on your own risk.
subsystem_daemon_option() = {subsystems, subsystem_specs()}
subsystem_specs() = [subsystem_spec()]
subsystem_spec() = {Name :: string(), mod_args()}
Defines a subsystem in the daemon.
The subsystem_name
is the name that a client requests to start with for example ssh_connection:subsystem/4
.
The channel_callback
is the module that implements the ssh_server_channel
(replaces ssh_daemon_channel) behaviour in the daemon. See the section Creating a Subsystem
in the User's Guide for more information and an example.
If the subsystems option is not present, the value of ssh_sftpd:subsystem_spec([])
is used. This enables the sftp subsystem by default. The option can be set to the empty list if you do not want the daemon to run any subsystems.
shell_daemon_option() = {shell, shell_spec()}
shell_spec() = mod_fun_args() | shell_fun() | disabled
shell_fun() = 'shell_fun/1'() | 'shell_fun/2'()
'shell_fun/1'() = fun((User :: string()) -> pid())
'shell_fun/2'() =
fun((User :: string(), PeerAddr :: inet:ip_address()) -> pid())
Defines the read-eval-print loop used in a daemon when a shell is requested by the client. The default is to use the Erlang shell: {shell, start, []}
See the option exec-option
for a description of how the daemon executes shell-requests and exec-requests depending on the shell- and exec-options.
exec_daemon_option() = {exec, exec_spec()}
exec_spec() =
{direct, exec_fun()} | disabled | deprecated_exec_opt()
exec_fun() = 'exec_fun/1'() | 'exec_fun/2'() | 'exec_fun/3'()
'exec_fun/1'() = fun((Cmd :: string()) -> exec_result())
'exec_fun/2'() =
fun((Cmd :: string(), User :: string()) -> exec_result())
'exec_fun/3'() =
fun((Cmd :: string(),
User :: string(),
ClientAddr :: ip_port()) ->
exec_result())
exec_result() =
{ok, Result :: term()} | {error, Reason :: term()}
This option changes how the daemon executes exec-requests from clients. The term in the return value is formatted to a string if it is a non-string type. No trailing newline is added in the ok-case.
See the User's Guide section on One-Time Execution
for examples.
Error texts are returned on channel-type 1 which usually is piped to stderr
on e.g Linux systems. Texts from a successful execution are returned on channel-type 0 and will in similar manner be piped to stdout
. The exit-status code is set to 0 for success and 255 for errors. The exact results presented on the client side depends on the client and the client's operating system.
In case of the {direct, exec_fun()}
variant or no exec-option at all, all reads from standard_input
will be from the received data-events of type 0. Those are sent by the client. Similarily all writes to standard_output
will be sent as data-events to the client. An OS shell client like the command 'ssh' will usally use stdin and stdout for the user interface.
The option cooperates with the daemon-option shell
in the following way:
- 1. If neither the
exec-option
nor theshell-option
is present: -
The default Erlang evaluator is used both for exec and shell requests. The result is returned to the client.
- 2. If the
exec_spec
's value isdisabled
(theshell-option
may or may not be present): -
No exec-requests are executed but shell-requests are not affected, they follow the
shell_spec
's value. - 3. If the
exec-option
is present and theexec_spec
value =/=disabled
(theshell-option
may or may not be present): -
The
exec_spec
fun()
is called with the same number of parameters as the arity of the fun, and the result is returned to the client. Shell-requests are not affected, they follow theshell_spec
's value. - 4. If the
exec-option
is absent, and theshell-option
is present with the default Erlang shell as theshell_spec
's value: -
The default Erlang evaluator is used both for exec and shell requests. The result is returned to the client.
- 5. If the
exec-option
is absent, and theshell-option
is present with a value that is neither the default Erlang shell nor the valuedisabled
: -
The exec-request is not evaluated and an error message is returned to the client. Shell-requests are executed according to the value of the
shell_spec
. - 6. If the
exec-option
is absent, and theshell_spec
's value isdisabled
: -
Exec requests are executed by the default shell, but shell-requests are not executed.
If a custom CLI is installed (see the option ssh_cli
) the rules above are replaced by thoose implied by the custom CLI.
The exec-option
has existed for a long time but has not previously been documented. The old definition and behaviour are retained but obey the rules 1-6 above if conflicting. The old and undocumented style should not be used in new programs.
deprecated_exec_opt() = function() | mod_fun_args()
Old-style exec specification that are kept for compatibility, but should not be used in new programs
ssh_cli_daemon_option() = {ssh_cli, mod_args() | no_cli}
Provides your own CLI implementation in a daemon.
It is a channel callback module that implements a shell and command execution. The shell's read-eval-print loop can be customized, using the option shell
. This means less work than implementing an own CLI channel. If ssh_cli
is set to no_cli
, the CLI channels like shell
and exec
are disabled and only subsystem channels are allowed.
authentication_daemon_options() =
ssh_file:system_dir_daemon_option() |
{auth_method_kb_interactive_data, prompt_texts()} |
{user_passwords, [{UserName :: string(), Pwd :: string()}]} |
{pk_check_user, boolean()} |
{password, string()} |
{pwdfun, pwdfun_2() | pwdfun_4()}
prompt_texts() =
kb_int_tuple() | kb_int_fun_3() | kb_int_fun_4()
kb_int_tuple() =
{Name :: string(),
Instruction :: string(),
Prompt :: string(),
Echo :: boolean()}
kb_int_fun_3() =
fun((Peer :: ip_port(), User :: string(), Service :: string()) ->
kb_int_tuple())
kb_int_fun_4() =
fun((Peer :: ip_port(),
User :: string(),
Service :: string(),
State :: any()) ->
kb_int_tuple())
pwdfun_2() =
fun((User :: string(), Password :: string() | pubkey) ->
boolean())
pwdfun_4() =
fun((User :: string(),
Password :: string() | pubkey,
PeerAddress :: ip_port(),
State :: any()) ->
boolean() |
disconnect |
{boolean(), NewState :: any()})
auth_method_kb_interactive_data
-
Sets the text strings that the daemon sends to the client for presentation to the user when using
keyboard-interactive
authentication.If the fun/3 or fun/4 is used, it is called when the actual authentication occurs and may therefore return dynamic data like time, remote ip etc.
The parameter
Echo
guides the client about need to hide the password.The default value is:
{auth_method_kb_interactive_data, {"SSH server", "Enter password for \""++User++"\"", "password: ", false}>
user_passwords
-
Provides passwords for password authentication. The passwords are used when someone tries to connect to the server and public key user-authentication fails. The option provides a list of valid usernames and the corresponding passwords.
pk_check_user
-
Enables checking of the
client's user name
in the server when doing public key authentication. It is disabled by default.The term "user" is used differently in OpenSSH and SSH in Erlang/OTP: see more in the
User's Guide
.If the option is enabled, and no
pwdfun
is present, the user name must present in theuser_passwords
for the check to succeed but the value of the password is not checked.In case of a
pwdfun
checking the user, the atompubkey
is put in the password argument. password
-
Provides a global password that authenticates any user.
WarningIntended to facilitate testing.
From a security perspective this option makes the server very vulnerable.
pwdfun
withpwdfun_4()
-
Provides a function for password validation. This could used for calling an external system or handeling passwords stored as hash values.
This fun can also be used to make delays in authentication tries for example by calling
timer:sleep/1
.To facilitate for instance counting of failed tries, the
State
variable could be used. This state is per connection only. The first time the pwdfun is called for a connection, theState
variable has the valueundefined
.The fun should return:
-
true
if the user and password is valid -
false
if the user or password is invalid -
disconnect
if a SSH_MSG_DISCONNECT message should be sent immediately. It will be followed by a close of the underlying tcp connection. -
{true, NewState:any()}
if the user and password is valid -
{false, NewState:any()}
if the user or password is invalid
A third usage is to block login attempts from a missbehaving peer. The
State
described above can be used for this. The return valuedisconnect
is useful for this.In case of the
pk_check_user
is set, the atompubkey
is put in the password argument when validating a public key login. The pwdfun is then responsible to check that the user name is valid. -
pwdfun
withpwdfun_2()
-
Provides a function for password validation. This function is called with user and password as strings, and returns:
-
true
if the user and password is valid -
false
if the user or password is invalid
In case of the
pk_check_user
is set, the atompubkey
is put in the password argument when validating a public key login. The pwdfun is then responsible to check that the user name is valid.This variant is kept for compatibility.
-
diffie_hellman_group_exchange_daemon_option() =
{dh_gex_groups,
[explicit_group()] |
explicit_group_file() |
ssh_moduli_file()} |
{dh_gex_limits, {Min :: integer() >= 1, Max :: integer() >= 1}}
explicit_group() =
{Size :: integer() >= 1,
G :: integer() >= 1,
P :: integer() >= 1}
explicit_group_file() = {file, string()}
ssh_moduli_file() = {ssh_moduli_file, string()}
dh_gex_groups
-
Defines the groups the server may choose among when diffie-hellman-group-exchange is negotiated. See
RFC 4419
for details. The three variants of this option are:{Size=integer(),G=integer(),P=integer()}
- The groups are given explicitly in this list. There may be several elements with the same
Size
. In such a case, the server will choose one randomly in the negotiated Size. {file,filename()}
- The file must have one or more three-tuples
{Size=integer(),G=integer(),P=integer()}
terminated by a dot. The file is read when the daemon starts. {ssh_moduli_file,filename()}
- The file must be in
ssh-keygen moduli file format
. The file is read when the daemon starts.
The default list is fetched from the
public_key
application. dh_gex_limits
-
Limits what a client can ask for in diffie-hellman-group-exchange. The limits will be
{MaxUsed = min(MaxClient,Max), MinUsed = max(MinClient,Min)}
whereMaxClient
andMinClient
are the values proposed by a connecting client.The default value is
{0,infinity}
.If
MaxUsed < MinUsed
in a key exchange, it will fail with a disconnect.See
RFC 4419
for the function of the Max and Min values.
hello_timeout_daemon_option() = {hello_timeout, timeout()}
Maximum time in milliseconds for the first part of the ssh session setup, the hello message exchange. Defaults to 30000 ms (30 seconds). If the client fails to send the first message within this time, the connection is closed.
negotiation_timeout_daemon_option() =
{negotiation_timeout, timeout()}
Maximum time in milliseconds for the authentication negotiation. Defaults to 120000 ms (2 minutes). If the client fails to log in within this time, the connection is closed.
hardening_daemon_options() =
{max_sessions, integer() >= 1} |
{max_channels, integer() >= 1} |
{parallel_login, boolean()} |
{minimal_remote_max_packet_size, integer() >= 1}
-
max_sessions
-
The maximum number of simultaneous sessions that are accepted at any time for this daemon. This includes sessions that are being authorized. Thus, if set to
N
, andN
clients have connected but not started the login process, connection attemptN+1
is aborted. IfN
connections are authenticated and still logged in, no more logins are accepted until one of the existing ones log out.The counter is per listening port. Thus, if two daemons are started, one with
{max_sessions,N}
and the other with{max_sessions,M}
, in totalN+M
connections are accepted for the wholessh
application.Notice that if
parallel_login
isfalse
, only one client at a time can be in the authentication phase.By default, this option is not set. This means that the number is not limited.
-
max_channels
-
The maximum number of channels with active remote subsystem that are accepted for each connection to this daemon
By default, this option is not set. This means that the number is not limited.
-
parallel_login
-
If set to false (the default value), only one login is handled at a time. If set to true, an unlimited number of login attempts are allowed simultaneously.
If the
max_sessions
option is set toN
andparallel_login
is set totrue
, the maximum number of simultaneous login attempts at any time is limited toN-K
, whereK
is the number of authenticated connections present at this daemon.WarningDo not enable
parallel_logins
without protecting the server by other means, for example, by themax_sessions
option or a firewall configuration. If set totrue
, there is no protection against DOS attacks. -
minimal_remote_max_packet_size
-
The least maximum packet size that the daemon will accept in channel open requests from the client. The default value is 0.
callbacks_daemon_options() =
{failfun,
fun((User :: string(),
PeerAddress :: inet:ip_address(),
Reason :: term()) ->
term())} |
{connectfun,
fun((User :: string(),
PeerAddress :: inet:ip_address(),
Method :: string()) ->
term())}
connectfun
-
Provides a fun to implement your own logging when a user authenticates to the server.
failfun
-
Provides a fun to implement your own logging when a user fails to authenticate.
send_ext_info_daemon_option() = {send_ext_info, boolean()}
Make the server (daemon) tell the client that the server accepts extension negotiation, that is, include ext-info-s
in the kexinit message sent. See RFC 8308
for details and ssh(6)
for a list of currently implemented extensions.
Default value is true
which is compatible with other implementations not supporting ext-info.
tcpip_tunnel_in_daemon_option() = {tcpip_tunnel_in, boolean()}
Enables (true
) or disables (false
) the possibility to tunnel a TCP/IP connection in to a server
. Disabled per default.
tcpip_tunnel_out_daemon_option() =
{tcpip_tunnel_out, boolean()}
Enables (true
) or disables (false
) the possibility to tunnel a TCP/IP connection out of a server
. Disabled per default.
Options common to clients and daemons
common_options() = [common_option()]
common_option() =
ssh_file:user_dir_common_option() |
profile_common_option() |
max_idle_time_common_option() |
key_cb_common_option() |
disconnectfun_common_option() |
unexpectedfun_common_option() |
ssh_msg_debug_fun_common_option() |
rekey_limit_common_option() |
id_string_common_option() |
pref_public_key_algs_common_option() |
preferred_algorithms_common_option() |
modify_algorithms_common_option() |
auth_methods_common_option() |
inet_common_option() |
fd_common_option()
The options above can be used both in clients and in daemons (servers). They are further explained below.
profile_common_option() = {profile, atom()}
Used together with ip-address
and port
to uniquely identify a ssh daemon. This can be useful in a virtualized environment, where there can be more that one server that has the same ip-address
and port
. If this property is not explicitly set, it is assumed that the the ip-address
and port
uniquely identifies the SSH daemon.
max_idle_time_common_option() = {idle_time, timeout()}
Sets a time-out on a connection when no channels are open. Defaults to infinity
. The unit is milliseconds.
The timeout is not active until channels are started, so it does not limit the time from the connection creation to the first channel opening.
rekey_limit_common_option() =
{rekey_limit,
Bytes ::
limit_bytes() |
{Minutes :: limit_time(), Bytes :: limit_bytes()}}
limit_bytes() = integer() >= 0 | infinity
limit_time() = integer() >= 1 | infinity
Sets the limit when rekeying is to be initiated. Both the max time and max amount of data could be configured:
-
{Minutes, Bytes}
initiate rekeying when any of the limits are reached. -
Bytes
initiate rekeying whenBytes
number of bytes are transferred, or at latest after one hour.
When a rekeying is done, both the timer and the byte counter are restarted. Defaults to one hour and one GByte.
If Minutes
is set to infinity
, no rekeying will ever occur due to that max time has passed. Setting Bytes
to infinity
will inhibit rekeying after a certain amount of data has been transferred. If the option value is set to {infinity, infinity}
, no rekeying will be initiated. Note that rekeying initiated by the peer will still be performed.
key_cb_common_option() =
{key_cb,
Module :: atom() | {Module :: atom(), Opts :: [term()]}}
Module implementing the behaviour ssh_client_key_api
and/or ssh_server_key_api
. Can be used to customize the handling of public keys. If callback options are provided along with the module name, they are made available to the callback module via the options passed to it under the key 'key_cb_private'.
The Opts
defaults to []
when only the Module
is specified.
The default value of this option is {ssh_file, []}
. See also the manpage of ssh_file
.
A call to the call-back function F
will be
Module:F(..., [{key_cb_private,Opts}|UserOptions])
where ...
are arguments to F
as in ssh_client_key_api
and/or ssh_server_key_api
. The UserOptions
are the options given to ssh:connect
, ssh:shell
or ssh:daemon
.
pref_public_key_algs_common_option() =
{pref_public_key_algs, [pubkey_alg()]}
List of user (client) public key algorithms to try to use.
The default value is the public_key
entry in the list returned by ssh:default_algorithms/0
.
If there is no public key of a specified type available, the corresponding entry is ignored. Note that the available set is dependent on the underlying cryptolib and current user's public keys.
See also the option user_dir
for specifying the path to the user's keys.
disconnectfun_common_option() =
{disconnectfun, fun((Reason :: term()) -> void | any())}
Provides a fun to implement your own logging or other handling at disconnects.
unexpectedfun_common_option() =
{unexpectedfun,
fun((Message :: term(), {Host :: term(), Port :: term()}) ->
report | skip)}
Provides a fun to implement your own logging or other action when an unexpected message arrives. If the fun returns report
the usual info report is issued but if skip
is returned no report is generated.
ssh_msg_debug_fun_common_option() =
{ssh_msg_debug_fun,
fun((ssh:connection_ref(),
AlwaysDisplay :: boolean(),
Msg :: binary(),
LanguageTag :: binary()) ->
any())}
Provide a fun to implement your own logging of the SSH message SSH_MSG_DEBUG. The last three parameters are from the message, see RFC 4253, section 11.3
. The connection_ref()
is the reference to the connection on which the message arrived. The return value from the fun is not checked.
The default behaviour is ignore the message. To get a printout for each message with AlwaysDisplay = true
, use for example {ssh_msg_debug_fun, fun(_,true,M,_)-> io:format("DEBUG: ~p~n", [M]) end}
id_string_common_option() =
{id_string,
string() |
random |
{random, Nmin :: integer() >= 1, Nmax :: integer() >= 1}}
The string the daemon will present to a connecting peer initially. The default value is "Erlang/VSN" where VSN is the ssh application version number.
The value random
will cause a random string to be created at each connection attempt. This is to make it a bit more difficult for a malicious peer to find the ssh software brand and version.
The value {random, Nmin, Nmax}
will make a random string with at least Nmin
characters and at most Nmax
characters.
preferred_algorithms_common_option() =
{preferred_algorithms, algs_list()}
algs_list() = [alg_entry()]
alg_entry() =
{kex, [kex_alg()]} |
{public_key, [pubkey_alg()]} |
{cipher, double_algs(cipher_alg())} |
{mac, double_algs(mac_alg())} |
{compression, double_algs(compression_alg())}
kex_alg() =
'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1' |
'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256' |
'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1' | 'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1' |
'diffie-hellman-group14-sha256' |
'diffie-hellman-group16-sha512' |
'diffie-hellman-group18-sha512' | 'curve25519-sha256' |
'[email protected]' | 'curve448-sha512' |
'ecdh-sha2-nistp256' | 'ecdh-sha2-nistp384' |
'ecdh-sha2-nistp521'
pubkey_alg() =
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp256' | 'ecdsa-sha2-nistp384' |
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp521' | 'ssh-ed25519' | 'ssh-ed448' |
'rsa-sha2-256' | 'rsa-sha2-512' | 'ssh-dss' | 'ssh-rsa'
cipher_alg() =
'3des-cbc' | 'AEAD_AES_128_GCM' | 'AEAD_AES_256_GCM' |
'aes128-cbc' | 'aes128-ctr' | '[email protected]' |
'aes192-ctr' | 'aes192-cbc' | 'aes256-cbc' | 'aes256-ctr' |
'[email protected]' | '[email protected]'
mac_alg() =
'AEAD_AES_128_GCM' | 'AEAD_AES_256_GCM' | 'hmac-sha1' |
'[email protected]' | 'hmac-sha1-96' |
'hmac-sha2-256' | 'hmac-sha2-512' |
'[email protected]' |
'[email protected]'
compression_alg() = none | zlib | '[email protected]'
double_algs(AlgType) =
[{client2server, [AlgType]} | {server2client, [AlgType]}] |
[AlgType]
List of algorithms to use in the algorithm negotiation. The default algs_list()
can be obtained from default_algorithms/0
.
If an alg_entry() is missing in the algs_list(), the default value is used for that entry.
Here is an example of this option:
{preferred_algorithms, [{public_key,['ssh-rsa','ssh-dss']}, {cipher,[{client2server,['aes128-ctr']}, {server2client,['aes128-cbc','3des-cbc']}]}, {mac,['hmac-sha2-256','hmac-sha1']}, {compression,[none,zlib]} ] }
The example specifies different algorithms in the two directions (client2server and server2client), for cipher but specifies the same algorithms for mac and compression in both directions. The kex (key exchange) is implicit but public_key is set explicitly.
For background and more examples see the User's Guide
.
If an algorithm name occurs more than once in a list, the behaviour is undefined. The tags in the property lists are also assumed to occur at most one time.
Changing the values can make a connection less secure. Do not change unless you know exactly what you are doing. If you do not understand the values then you are not supposed to change them.
modify_algorithms_common_option() =
{modify_algorithms, modify_algs_list()}
modify_algs_list() =
[{append, algs_list()} |
{prepend, algs_list()} |
{rm, algs_list()}]
Modifies the list of algorithms to use in the algorithm negotiation. The modifications are applied after the option preferred_algorithms
(if existing) is applied.
The algoritm for modifications works like this:
-
Input is the
modify_algs_list()
and a set of algorithmsA
obtained from thepreferred_algorithms
option if existing, or else from thessh:default_algorithms/0
. -
The head of the
modify_algs_list()
modifiesA
giving the resultA'
.The possible modifications are:
-
Append or prepend supported but not enabled algorithm(s) to the list of algorithms. If the wanted algorithms already are in
A
they will first be removed and then appended or prepended, -
Remove (rm) one or more algorithms from
A
.
-
-
Repeat the modification step with the tail of
modify_algs_list()
and the resultingA'
.
If an unsupported algorithm is in the modify_algs_list()
, it will be silently ignored
If there are more than one modify_algorithms options, the result is undefined.
Here is an example of this option:
{modify_algorithms, [{prepend, [{kex, ['diffie-hellman-group1-sha1']}], {rm, [{compression, [none]}]} ] }
The example specifies that:
-
the old key exchange algorithm 'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1' should be the main alternative. It will be the main alternative since it is prepened to the list
-
The compression algorithm none (= no compression) is removed so compression is enforced
For background and more examples see the User's Guide
.
inet_common_option() = {inet, inet | inet6}
IP version to use when the host address is specified as any
.
auth_methods_common_option() = {auth_methods, string()}
Comma-separated string that determines which authentication methods that the client shall support and in which order they are tried. Defaults to "publickey,keyboard-interactive,password"
Note that the client is free to use any order and to exclude methods.
fd_common_option() = {fd, gen_tcp:socket()}
Allows an existing file-descriptor to be used (passed on to the transport protocol).
Other data types
host() = string() | inet:ip_address() | loopback
ip_port() = {inet:ip_address(), inet:port_number()}
mod_args() = {Module :: atom(), Args :: list()}
mod_fun_args() =
{Module :: atom(), Function :: atom(), Args :: list()}
open_socket() = gen_tcp:socket()
The socket is supposed to be result of a gen_tcp:connect
or a gen_tcp:accept
. The socket must be in passive mode (that is, opened with the option {active,false})
.
daemon_ref()
Opaque data type representing a daemon.
Returned by the functions daemon/1,2,3
.
Opaque data type representing a connection between a client and a server (daemon).
Returned by the functions connect/2,3,4
and ssh_sftp:start_channel/2,3
.
channel_id()
Opaque data type representing a channel inside a connection.
Returned by the functions ssh_connection:session_channel/2,4
.
connection_info_tuple() =
{client_version, version()} |
{server_version, version()} |
{user, string()} |
{peer, {inet:hostname(), ip_port()}} |
{sockname, ip_port()} |
{options, client_options()} |
{algorithms, conn_info_algs()} |
{channels, conn_info_channels()}
version() = {protocol_version(), software_version()}
protocol_version() =
{Major :: integer() >= 1, Minor :: integer() >= 0}
software_version() = string()
conn_info_algs() =
[{kex, kex_alg()} |
{hkey, pubkey_alg()} |
{encrypt, cipher_alg()} |
{decrypt, cipher_alg()} |
{send_mac, mac_alg()} |
{recv_mac, mac_alg()} |
{compress, compression_alg()} |
{decompress, compression_alg()} |
{send_ext_info, boolean()} |
{recv_ext_info, boolean()}]
conn_info_channels() = [proplists:proplist()]
Return values from the connection_info/1
and connection_info/2
functions.
In the option
info tuple are only the options included that differs from the default values.
daemon_info_tuple() =
{port, inet:port_number()} |
{ip, inet:ip_address()} |
{profile, atom()} |
{options, daemon_options()}
Return values from the daemon_info/1
and daemon_info/2
functions.
In the option
info tuple are only the options included that differs from the default values.
Opaque types that define experimental options that are not to be used in products.
Exports
close(ConnectionRef) -> ok | {error, term()} |
Types
Closes an SSH connection.
connect(Host, Port, Options) -> Result |
connect(Host, Port, Options, NegotiationTimeout) -> Result |
connect(TcpSocket, Options) -> Result | OTP 19.0 |
connect(TcpSocket, Options, NegotiationTimeout) -> Result |
Types
Connects to an SSH server at the Host
on Port
.
As an alternative, an already open TCP socket could be passed to the function in TcpSocket
. The SSH initiation and negotiation will be initiated on that one with the SSH that should be at the other end.
No channel is started. This is done by calling ssh_connection:session_channel/[2, 4]
.
The NegotiationTimeout
is in milli-seconds. The default value is infinity
. For connection timeout, use the option connect_timeout
.
connection_info(ConnectionRef) -> InfoTupleList |
connection_info(ConnectionRef, Key :: ItemList | Item) -> InfoTupleList | InfoTuple |
Types
Returns information about a connection intended for e.g debugging or logging.
When the Key
is a single Item
, the result is a single InfoTuple
set_sock_opts(ConnectionRef, SocketOptions) -> ok | {error, inet:posix() } |
Types
Sets tcp socket options on the tcp-socket below an ssh connection.
This function calls the inet:setopts/2
, read that documentation and for gen_tcp:option()
.
All gen_tcp socket options except
active
deliver
-
mode
and packet
are allowed. The excluded options are reserved by the SSH application.
This is an extremly dangerous function. You use it on your own risk.
Some options are OS and OS version dependent. Do not use it unless you know what effect your option values will have on an TCP stream.
Some values may destroy the functionality of the SSH protocol.
get_sock_opts(ConnectionRef, SocketGetOptions) -> ok | {error, inet:posix() } |
Types
Get tcp socket option values of the tcp-socket below an ssh connection.
This function calls the inet:getopts/2
, read that documentation.
daemon(Port | TcpSocket) -> Result |
daemon(Port | TcpSocket, Options) -> Result |
daemon(HostAddress, Port, Options) -> Result |
Types
Starts a server listening for SSH connections on the given port. If the Port
is 0, a random free port is selected. See daemon_info/1
about how to find the selected port number.
As an alternative, an already open TCP socket could be passed to the function in TcpSocket
. The SSH initiation and negotiation will be initiated on that one when an SSH starts at the other end of the TCP socket.
For a description of the options, see Daemon Options
.
Please note that by historical reasons both the HostAddress
argument and the gen_tcp connect_option() {ip,Address}
set the listening address. This is a source of possible inconsistent settings.
The rules for handling the two address passing options are:
- if
HostAddress
is an IP-address, that IP-address is the listening address. An 'ip'-option will be discarded if present. - if
HostAddress
is the atomloopback
, the listening address isloopback
and an loopback address will be choosen by the underlying layers. An 'ip'-option will be discarded if present. - if
HostAddress
is the atomany
and no 'ip'-option is present, the listening address isany
and the socket will listen to all addresses - if
HostAddress
isany
and an 'ip'-option is present, the listening address is set to the value of the 'ip'-option
daemon_info(DaemonRef) -> {ok, InfoTupleList} | {error, bad_daemon_ref} | OTP 19.0 |
daemon_info(DaemonRef, Key :: ItemList | Item) -> InfoTupleList | InfoTuple | {error, bad_daemon_ref} |
Types
Returns information about a daemon intended for e.g debugging or logging.
When the Key
is a single Item
, the result is a single InfoTuple
Note that daemon_info/1
and daemon_info/2
returns different types due to compatibility reasons.
default_algorithms() -> algs_list() | OTP 18.0 |
Returns a key-value list, where the keys are the different types of algorithms and the values are the algorithms themselves.
See the User's Guide
for an example.
shell(Host | TcpSocket) -> Result |
shell(Host | TcpSocket, Options) -> Result |
shell(Host, Port, Options) -> Result |
Types
Connects to an SSH server at Host
and Port
(defaults to 22) and starts an interactive shell on that remote host.
As an alternative, an already open TCP socket could be passed to the function in TcpSocket
. The SSH initiation and negotiation will be initiated on that one and finaly a shell will be started on the host at the other end of the TCP socket.
For a description of the options, see Client Options
.
The function waits for user input, and does not return until the remote shell is ended (that is, exit from the shell).
start() -> ok | {error, term()} |
start(Type) -> ok | {error, term()} |
Types
Utility function that starts the applications crypto
, public_key
, and ssh
. Default type is temporary
. For more information, see the application(3)
manual page in Kernel.
stop() -> ok | {error, term()} |
Stops the ssh
application. For more information, see the application(3)
manual page in Kernel.
stop_daemon(DaemonRef :: daemon_ref() ) -> ok |
stop_daemon(Address :: inet:ip_address() ,Port :: inet:port_number() ) ->ok |
stop_daemon(Address :: any | inet:ip_address() ,Port :: inet:port_number() ,Profile :: atom()) -> ok | OTP 21.0 |
Stops the listener and all connections started by the listener.
stop_listener(SysSup :: daemon_ref() ) -> ok |
stop_listener(Address :: inet:ip_address() ,Port :: inet:port_number() ) ->ok |
stop_listener(Address :: any | inet:ip_address() ,Port :: inet:port_number() ,Profile :: term()) -> ok | OTP 21.0 |
Stops the listener, but leaves existing connections started by the listener operational.
tcpip_tunnel_from_server(ConnectionRef, ListenHost, ListenPort, ConnectToHost, ConnectToPort) -> {ok, TrueListenPort} | {error, term()} |
tcpip_tunnel_from_server(ConnectionRef, ListenHost, ListenPort, ConnectToHost, ConnectToPort, Timeout) -> {ok, TrueListenPort} | {error, term()} |
Types
Asks the remote server of ConnectionRef
to listen to ListenHost:ListenPort
. When someone connects that address, the connection is forwarded in an encrypted channel from the server to the client. The client (that is, at the node that calls this function) then connects to ConnectToHost:ConnectToPort
.
The returned TrueListenPort
is the port that is listened to. It is the same as ListenPort
, except when ListenPort = 0
. In that case a free port is selected by the underlying OS.
Note that in case of an Erlang/OTP SSH server (daemon) as peer, that server must have been started with the option tcpip_tunnel_out
to allow the connection.
tcpip_tunnel_to_server(ConnectionRef, ListenHost, ListenPort, ConnectToHost, ConnectToPort) -> {ok, TrueListenPort} | {error, term()} |
tcpip_tunnel_to_server(ConnectionRef, ListenHost, ListenPort, ConnectToHost, ConnectToPort, Timeout) -> {ok, TrueListenPort} | {error, term()} |
Types
Tells the local client to listen to ListenHost:ListenPort
. When someone connects to that address, the connection is forwarded in an encrypted channel to the peer server of ConnectionRef
. That server then connects to ConnectToHost:ConnectToPort
.
The returned TrueListenPort
is the port that is listened to. It is the same as ListenPort
, except when ListenPort = 0
. In that case a free port is selected by the underlying OS.
Note that in case of an Erlang/OTP SSH server (daemon) as peer, that server must have been started with the option tcpip_tunnel_in
to allow the connection.
© 2010–2020 Ericsson AB
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.