8 Built-In Objects

8.1 Overview

This section describes the built-in objects of the graphics interface. The following objects exist:

Window

An ordinary window.

Button

A simple press button.

Checkbutton

A button with a check-mark indicator.

Radiobutton

A button with an indicator that has an only-one-selected-at-a-time property.

Label

Shows a text or bitmap.

Frame

A plain container object. It is used for logical and visual grouping of objects.

Entry

A one-line object for entering text.

Listbox

A list of text strings.

Canvas

A drawing area which contains light-weight objects such as rectangle, line, etc.

Menu

A collection of objects for constructing pull-down and pop-up menus.

Grid

An object for showing tables. A kind of multi-column listbox.

Editor

A multi-line text editor.

Scale

To select a value within a range.

Some objects can act as container objects. The following table describes these relationships:

Objects	Valid Parents
window	window, gs
buttons, canvas, editor, entry, frame, grid, label, listbox, menubar, scale	frame, window
arc, image, line, oval, polygon, rectangle, text	canvas
menubutton	menubar, window, frame
gridline	grid
menuitem	menu
menu	menubutton, menuitem (with {itemtype, cascade}), window, frame (the last two are for pop-up menus)

Table 8.1: Relations Between Objects and Container Objects

8.2 Generic Options

Most objects have a common subset of options and will be referred to as generic options. They apply to most objects.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
beep	<unspec>	A beep will sound. Applies to all objects.
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	Background color. Applies to objects which have a background color.
{data, Term}	[]	Always delivered with the event in the data field. Applies to all objects.
{default,Objecttype,{Key,Value}}	<unspec>	Applies to all container objects. Specifies the default value for an option for children of type Objecttype.
{enable, Bool}	true	Objects can be enabled or disabled. A disabled object cannot be clicked on, and text cannot be entered. Applies to buttons, menuitem, entry, editor, scale.
{font, Font}	<unspec>	Applies to all text related objects and the grid.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	Foreground color. Applies to objects which have a foreground color.
flush	<unspec>	Ensures that front-end and back-end are synchronized. Applies to all objects.
{setfocus, Bool}	<unspec>	Set or remove keyboard focus to this object. Applies to objects which can receive keyboard events.

Table 8.2: Generic Options

The following options apply to objects which can have a frame as parent. Coordinates are relative to the parent.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{cursor, Cursor}	parent	The appearance of the mouse cursor.
{height, Int}	<unspec>	The height in pixels.
{pack_x, Column|{StartColumn,EndColumn}}	<unspec>	Packing position. See The Packer section.
{pack_y, row|{Startrow,Endrow}}	<unspec>	Packing position. See The Packer section.
{pack_xy, {Column,row}}	<unspec>	Packing position. See The Packer section.
{width, Int}	<unspec>	The width in pixels.
{x, Int}	<unspec>	The x coordinate within the parent objects frame in pixels. 0 is to the left.
{y, Int}	<unspec>	The y coordinate in pixels. 0 is at the top.

Table 8.3: Generic Options (Frame as Parent)

Config-Only	Description
lower	Lowers this object to the bottom in the visual hierarchy.
raise	Lowers this object in the visual hierarchy.

Table 8.4: Generic Config-Only Options

The following table lists generic Read-Only options:

Read-Only	Return	Description
children	[ObjectId1, ..., ObjectIdN]	All children
{choose_font,Font}	Font	Return the font that is actually used if a particular font is given.
id	ObjectId	Return the object id for this object. Useful if the object is a named object.
{font_wh,{Font,Text}}	{Width,Height}	Return the size of a text in a specified font. It returns the size of the font that is actually chosen by the back-end.
type	Atom	The type of this object.
parent	ObjectId	The parent of this object.

Table 8.5: Generic Read-Only Options

Generic Event Options

The table below lists all generic event options:

{Option,Value}	Default
{buttonpress, Bool}	false
{buttonrelease, Bool}	false
{enter, Bool}	false
{leave, Bool}	false
{keypress, Bool}	false
{motion, Bool}	false

Table 8.6: Generic Event Options

8.3 Window

The basic object is the window object. It is the most common container object. All graphical applications use at least one (top-level) window.

Figure 8.1: Empty Window titled "A Window".

The following tables show all window specific options:

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	{R,G,B} or a color name
{configure,Bool}	false	Will generate a configureevent when the window has been resized or moved. The Argsfield contains [Width,Height,X,Y|_]
{destroy,Bool}	true	Will generate a destroyevent when the window is destroyed from the window manager. All GS applications should handle this event.
{iconname, String}	<unspec>
{iconify, Bool}	false
{map, Bool}	false	Make it visible on the screen
{title, String}	<unspec>	The title of the window. The default is the internal widget name which is platform specific.

Table 8.7: Window Options

Config-Only	Description
raise	Raise window on top of all other windows.
lower	Lower window to background.

Table 8.8: Window Config-Only Options

The following example shows how to create a window and configure it to enable various events.

-module(ex7).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([mk_window/0]).

mk_window() ->
    S= gs:start(),
    Win= gs:create(window,S,[{motion,true},{map,true}]),
    gs:config(Win,[{configure,true},{keypress,true}]),
    gs:config(Win,[{buttonpress,true}]),
    gs:config(Win,[{buttonrelease,true}]),
    event_loop(Win).

event_loop(Win) ->      
    receive
        {gs,Win,motion,Data,[X,Y | Rest]} ->
            %% mouse moved to position X Y
            io:format("mouse moved to X:~w  Y:~w~n",[X,Y]);
        {gs,Win,configure,Data,[W,H | Rest]} ->
            %% window was resized by user
            io:format("window resized W:~w  H:~w~n",[W,H]);
        {gs,Win,buttonpress,Data,[1,X,Y | Rest]} -> 
            %% button 1 was pressed at location X Y
            io:format("button 1 pressed X:~w  Y:~w~n",[X,Y]);
        {gs,Win,buttonrelease,Data,[_,X,Y | Rest]} ->
            %% Any button (1-3) was released over X Y
            io:format("Any button released X:~w  Y:~w~n",[X,Y]);
        {gs,Win,keypress,Data,[a | Rest]} -> 
            %% key `a' was pressed in window
            io:format("key a was pressed in window~n");
        {gs,Win,keypress,Data,[_,65,1 | Rest]} ->
            %% Key shift-a
            io:format("shift-a was pressed in window~n");
        {gs,Win,keypress,Data,[c,_,_,1 | Rest]} ->
            %% CTRL_C pressed
            io:format("CTRL_C was pressed in window~n");
        {gs,Win,keypress,Data, ['Return' | Rest]} ->
            %% Return key pressed
            io:format("Return key was pressed in window~n")
        end,
    event_loop(Win).

8.4 Button

Figure 8.2: Radio Buttons, Check Buttons, and Ordinary Button

Buttons are the simplest and the most commonly used objects. You press them and get a click event. The following tables show the options for all button types.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{align, Align}	center	Text alignment within the frame.
{justify, left | center | right}	center	Justification is only valid when there are several lines of text.
{label, Label}	<unspec>	Text or image to show.
{select, Bool}	false	Check buttons and radio buttons. true means that the button is selected.
{underline, Int}	<unspec>	Underline character N to indicate a keyboard accelerator.
{group, Atom}	<unspec>	Radio button: only one per group is selected at one time. Check button: All in the same group are selected automatically.
{value, Atom}	<unspec>	Radio buttons only. Groups radio buttons together within a group.

Table 8.9: Options for all Button Types

Config-Only	Description
flash	Flash button
invoke	Explicit button press.
toggle	Check buttons only. Toggles select value.

Table 8.10: Config-Only Options for all Button types

Buttontype	Event
normal	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text| _]}
check	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text, Group, Bool | _]}
radio	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text, Group, Value | _]}

Table 8.11: >Events for all Button types

Buttons and check buttons are simple to understand, radio buttons are more difficult. Each radio button has a group and a value option. The group option is used to group together two or more radio buttons. Normally, each radio button within a group has a unique value which means that only one radio button can be selected at a time. If two (or more) radio buttons share the same value and one of them is selected, then both will be selected and all others are de-selected. The following short example shows how to program radio button logic in a situation where two of them share the same value.

-module(ex8).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0]).

start() ->
    gs:window(win,gs:start(),{map,true}),
    gs:radiobutton(rb1,win,[{label,{text,"rb1"}},{value,a},{y,0}]),
    gs:radiobutton(rb2,win,[{label,{text,"rb2"}},{value,a},{y,30}]),
    gs:radiobutton(rb3,win,[{label,{text,"rb3"}},{value,b},{y,60}]),
    rb_loop().

rb_loop() ->
    receive
        {gs,Any_Rb,click,Data,[Text, Grp, a | Rest]} ->
            io:format("either rb1 or rb2 is on.~n",[]),
            rb_loop();
        {gs,rb3,click,Data,[Text, Grp, b | Rest]} ->
            io:format("rb3 is selected.~n",[]),
            rb_loop()
    end.

Figure 8.3: Radio Button Group with Last Button Selected

The example shown creates three radio buttons which are members of the same group. The default behavior is that all radio buttons created by the same process are members of the same group. Normally, only one in a group may be selected at the same time, but since we defined the value-option to have the same value for rb1 and rb2, they will both be selected/de-selected simultaneously. The normal radio button group behavior is that all radio buttons within the same group have unique default values.

8.5 Label

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{align,Align}	center	How the text is aligned within the frame.
{justify,left|right|center}	left	How to justify several lines of text.
{label,Label}	<unspec>	Text or image to show.
{underline,Int}	<unspec>	Underline character N to indicate a keyboard accelerator.

Table 8.12: Label Options

A label is a simple text field which is used to display text to the user. It is possible to have several lines of text by inserting newline '\ ' characters between each line. The label object does not automatically adjust its size so that text will fit inside. This has to be done manually, or the text may be clipped at the edges.

8.6 Frame

The frame object acts as a container for other objects. Its main use is to logically and visually group objects together. Grouped objects can then be moved, displayed, or hidden in one single operation.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bw,Int}	<unspec>	Border width
{packer_x,PackList}	<unspec>	Makes the frame pack its children. See the packer section.
{packer_y,PackList}	<unspec>	Makes the frame pack its children. See the packer section.

Table 8.13: Frame Options

It is possible to have frame objects within frame objects so that large hierarchical structures of objects can be created.

8.7 Entry

Figure 8.4: Label and Entry Objects for User Input

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{justify, left|right|center}	left	Text justification in entry field.
{text, String}	<unspec>	Use this option to initially set some text, and to read the text.

Table 8.14: Entry Options

Entrys are used to prompt the user for text input.

Config-Only	Description
{delete, {From, To}}	Deletes the characters within index {From,To}.
{delete, last}	Deletes the last character.
{delete, Index}	Deletes the character at position Index.
{insert, {Index, String}}	Inserts text at the specific character position. Index starts from 0.
{select, {From, To}}	Selects a range.
{select, clear}	De-selects selected text.

Table 8.15: Entry Config-Only Options

A common usage of the entry object is to listen for the 'Return' key event and then read the text field. The following example shows a simple dialog which prompts the user for a name and returns the tuple {name,Name} when a name is entered, or cancel if the cancel button is pressed.

-module(ex9).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0,init/1]).

start() ->
    spawn(ex9, init, [self()]),
    receive
        {entry_reply, Reply} -> Reply
    end.

init(Pid) ->
    S = gs:start(),
    Win = gs:create(window,S,[{title,"Entry Demo"},
                              {width,150},{height,100}]),
    gs:create(label,Win,[{label,{text,"What's your name?"}},
                         {width,150}]),
    gs:create(entry,entry,Win,[{x,10},{y,30},{width,130},
                               {keypress,true}]),
    gs:create(button,ok,Win,[{width,45},{y,60},{x,10},
                             {label,{text,"Ok"}}]),
    gs:create(button,cancel,Win,[{width,60},{y,60},{x,80},
                                 {label,{text,"Cancel"}}]),
    gs:config(Win,{map,true}),
    loop(Pid).

loop(Pid) ->
    receive
        {gs,entry,keypress,_,['Return'|_]} ->
            Text=gs:read(entry,text),
            Pid ! {entry_reply,{name,Text}};
        {gs,entry,keypress,_,_} -> % all other keypresses
            loop(Pid);
        {gs,ok,click,_,_} ->
            Text=gs:read(entry,text),
            Pid ! {entry_reply,{name,Text}};
        {gs,cancel,click,_,_} ->
            Pid ! {entry_reply,cancel};
        X ->
            io:format("Got X=~w~n",[X]),
            loop(Pid)
    end.

The program draws the dialog and waits for the user to either press the return key or click one of the buttons. It then reads the text option of the entry and returns the string to the client process.

8.8 Listbox

A listbox is a list of labels with optional scroll bars attached. The user selects one or more predefined alternative entries. You can add and remove entries in the listbox. The first element in a listbox has index 0.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{hscroll, Bool | top | bottom}	true	Horizontal scroll bar.
{items, [String, String ... String]}	<unspec>	All items (entries) in the listbox.
{scrollbg, Color}	<unspec>	Foreground color of scroll bar.
{scrollfg, Color}	<unspec>	Background color of scroll bar.
{selectmode, single | multiple}	single	Controls if it is possible to have several items selected at the same time.
{vscroll, Bool | left | right}	true	Vertical scroll bar.

Table 8.16: Listbox Options

Config-Only	Description
{add, {Index, String}}	Add an item at specified index.
{add, String}	Add an item last.
{change, {Index,String}}	Change one item.
clear	Delete all items.
{del, Index | {From, To}}	Delete an item at specified index, or all from index From to index To.
{see, Index}	Make the item at specified index visible.
{selection, Index | {From,To}| clear}	Select an item (highlight it). Clear erases the selection.

Table 8.17: Listbox Cinfig-only Options

Read-Only	Return	Description
selection	ListOfStrings	Returns current selection. All selected item indices will be returned in a list.
size	Int	The number of items (entries) in the listbox.
{get, Index}	String	Returns item at specified index.

Table 8.18: Listbox Read-Only Options

Event

{gs, ListBox, click, Data, [Index, Text,Bool | _]}

{gs, ListBox, doubleclick, Data, [Index, Text,Bool | _]}

Table 8.19: Listbox Events

Bool is true if object is selected, false if de-selected.

Note that click and doubleclick are two discrete events: if you have subscribed to both, you will receive both a click event and a doubleclick event when double-clicking on one item (since two rapid clickings are regarded as both a click and a doubleclick). The subscription of doubleclick events does not result in the click events being unsubscribed!

The following example shows a simple application which prompts the user for a text item. The user has the following options:

• browse the items and then double-click the required item
• type the name into the entry field and then press the Return key
• select the required item and then click the OK button.

Figure 8.5: Simple Browser Dialog

-module(ex10).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0, init/3]).

start() ->
    start("Pick a fruit:", 
          [apple, banana, lemon, orange, strawberry, 
           mango, kiwi, pear, cherry,pineapple,peach,apricot]).

start(Text,Items) ->
    spawn(ex10,init,[self(),Text,Items]),       
    receive
        {browser,Result} -> Result
    end.

init(Pid,Text,Items) ->
    S=gs:start(),
    Win=gs:window(S,[{width,250},{height,270},
                     {title,"Browser"}]),
    Lbl=gs:label(Win,[{label,{text,Text}},{width,250}]),
    Entry=gs:entry(Win,[{y,35},{width,240},{x,5},
                        {keypress,true},
                        {setfocus,true}]),
    Lb=gs:listbox(Win,[{x,5},{y,65},{width,160},
                       {height,195},{vscroll,right},
                       {click,true},{doubleclick,true}]),
    Ok=gs:button(Win,[{label,{text,"OK"}},
                      {width,40},{x,185},{y,175}]),
    Cancel=gs:button(Win,[{label,{text,"Cancel"}},
                          {x,175},{y,225},{width,65}]),
    gs:config(Lb,[{items,Items}]),
    gs:config(Win,{map,true}),
    browser_loop(Pid,Ok,Cancel,Entry,Lb).

browser_loop(Pid,Ok,Cancel,Entry,Lb) ->
    receive
        {gs,Ok,click,_,_} ->
            Txt=gs:read(Entry,text),
            Pid ! {browser,{ok,Txt}};
        {gs,Cancel,click,_,_} ->
            Pid ! {browser,cancel};
        {gs,Entry,keypress,_,['Return'|_]} ->
            Txt=gs:read(Entry,text),
            Pid ! {browser,{ok,Txt}};
        {gs,Entry,keypress,_,_} ->
            browser_loop(Pid,Ok,Cancel,Entry,Lb);
        {gs,Lb,click,_,[Idx, Txt|_]} ->
            gs:config(Entry,{text,Txt}),
            browser_loop(Pid,Ok,Cancel,Entry,Lb);
        {gs,Lb,doubleclick,_,[Idx, Txt|_]} ->
            Pid ! {browser,{ok,Txt}};
        {gs,_,destroy,_,_} ->
            Pid ! {browser,cancel};
        X ->
            io:format("Got X=~w~n",[X]),
            browser_loop(Pid,Ok,Cancel,Entry,Lb)
    end.

8.9 Canvas

The canvas object is a simple drawing area. The user can draw graphical objects and move them around the drawing area. The canvas also has optional scroll bars which can be used to scroll the drawing area. The graphical objects that can be created on a canvas object are:

• arc
• image
• line
• oval
• polygon
• rectangle
• text.

These objects must have a canvas object as a parent, but they are otherwise similar to all other basic objects. The following tables show the options which apply to canvas objects.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	Color of the drawing area.
{hscroll, Bool | top | bottom}	false	Horizontal scroll bar.
{scrollbg, Color}	<unspec>	Foreground color of scroll bar.
{scrollfg, Color}	<unspec>	Background color of scroll bar.
{scrollregion, {X1,Y1,X2,Y2}}	<unspec>	The size of the drawing area to be scrolled.
{vscroll, Bool | left | right}	false	Vertical scroll bar.

Table 8.20: Canvas Options

Read-Only	Return	Description
{hit, {X,Y}}	list of ObjectId	Returns the canvas objects at X,Y.
{hit, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2}]}	list of ObjectId	Returns the canvas objects which are hit by the rectangle.

Table 8.21: Canvas Read-Only Options

Canvas objects have the same types of events as other objects. The following Config-Only options also apply to canvas objects:

Config-Only	Description
lower	Lowers the object.
{move, {Dx, Dy}}	Moves object relative to its current position.
raise	Raises the object above all other objects.

Table 8.22: Canvas Config-Only Options

The following sections describe the graphical objects which can be drawn on a canvas object.

The Canvas Arc Object

The canvas arc object is defined within a rectangle and is drawn from a start angle to the extent angle. Origo is in the center of the rectangle.

Figure 8.6: Canvas Arc Object

gs:create(arc,Canvas,[{coords,[{10,10},{80,80}]},{fill,yellow}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bw, Int}	1	Defines the width.
{coords, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2}]}		Defines a rectangle to draw the arc within.
{extent, Degrees}
{fg, Color}
{fill, Color|none}	none	Defines fill color of arc object.
{start, Degrees}
{style, arc}		No line segments.
{style, chord}		A single line segment connects the two end points of the perimeter section.
{style, pieslice}	This Style	Two lines are drawn between the center of the oval and each end of the perimeter section.

Table 8.23: Canvas Arc Options

The Canvas Image Object

The canvas image object displays images and moves them around in a simple way. The currently supported image formats are bitmap and gif.

Figure 8.7: Canvas Image Object

gs:create(image,Canvas,[{load_gif,"brick.gif"}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{anchor, Anchor}	nw	Anchor reference specified by {X,Y} .
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	Background color. Pixel value 0.
{bitmap, FileName}	<unspec>	A bitmap file which contains a bmp bitmap.
{coords, [{X,Y}]}	<unspec>	Position on the canvas.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	Foreground color. Pixel value 1.
{load_gif, FileName}	<unspec>	Loads a gif image.

Table 8.24: Canvas Image Object Options

The Canvas Line Object

Figure 8.8: Line Object Drawn on a Canvas

gs:create(line,Canvas,
          [{coords,[{25,25},{50,50},{50,40},{85,75}]},
           {arrow,last},{width,2}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{arrow, both | none | first | last}	none	Draws arrows at the end points of the line.
{coords, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2}, ... {Xn,Yn}]}	<unspec>	A list of coordinates. The line will be drawn between all pairs in the list.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	The color of the line.
{smooth, Bool}	false	Smoothing with Bezier splines.
{splinesteps, Int}	<unspec>
{width, Int}	1	The width of the line.

Table 8.25: Canvas Line Object Options

The Canvas Oval Object

Figure 8.9: Oval Object Drawn on a Canvas

gs:create(oval,Canvas,
          [{coords,[{25,25},{125,75}]},{fill,red},{bw,2}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bw, Int}	1	Width.
{coords, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2}]}	<unspec>	Bounding rectangle which defines shape of object.
{fg, Color}
{fill, Color|none}	none	Object fill color.

Table 8.26: Canvas Oval Object Options

The Canvas Polygon Object

Figure 8.10: Canvas Polygon Object

gs:create(polygon,Canvas,
          [{coords,[{10,10},{50,50},{75,30}]}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bw, Int}	1	Width.
{coords, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2} | {Xn,Yn}]}	<unspec>	Defines all points in the polygon. There may be any number of points in the polygon.
{fg, Color}	black	The color of the polygon outline.
{fill, Color|none}	none
{smooth, Bool}	false	Smoothing with Bezier splines.
{splinesteps, Int}	<unspec>

Table 8.27: Canvas Polygon Object Options

The Canvas Rectangle Object

Figure 8.11: Rectangle Object Created on a Canvas

gs:create(rectangle,Canvas,
          [{coords,[{30,30},{70,70}]},{fill,cyan},{bw,2}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{bw, Int}	1	The width of the border line.
{coords, [{X1,Y1},{X2,Y2}]}	<unspec>	Defines rectangle coordinates.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	The color of the border line.
{fill, Color|none}	none	Fill color of rectangle.

Table 8.28: Canvas Rectangle Object Options

The Canvas Text Object

Figure 8.12: Canvas Text Object

gs:create(text,C,[{coords,[{50,50}]},
                  {font,{times,18}},
                  {fg,red},
                  {text,"Hello World!"}]).
      

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{anchor, Anchor}	nw	Anchor reference specified by {X,Y}.
{coords, [{X, Y}]}	<unspec>	Position in the canvas.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	Text color (background color is the canvas color).
{justify, left | center | right}	<unspec>	Tex justification. Only valid with several lines of text.
{text, String}	<unspec>	The text string to display.
{width, Int}		The width in pixels. The text will be wrapped into several lines to fit inside the width.

Table 8.29: Canvas Text Object Options

8.10 Menu

Menus consist of four object types:

• the menu bar
• the menu button
• the menu
• the menu item.

Menu Bar

The menu bar is a simple object. It is placed at the top of the window and contains menu items. {x,y} or width cannot be controlled since, by definition, the menu bar is placed at the top of the window.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
<only generic options>

Table 8.30: Menu Bar Options

Menu Button

The menu button displays a menu when pressed. The width of the menu button is automatically determined by the size of the text.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{align, Align}	center	Text alignment within the frame.
{justify, left | center | right}	center	Justification is only valid when there are several lines of text.
{label,{text,Text}}	<unspec>
{side, left | right}	<unspec>	Placement on the menu bar. The menu button created first will have the left/right position.
{underline, Int}	<unspec>	Underline character N to indicate an keyboard accelerator.

Table 8.31: Menu Button Options

Menu

The menu contains menu items, which are displayed vertically. Its width is automatically determined by the width of the menu items it contains.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{selectcolor, Color}	<unspec>	The indicator color of radio buttons and check buttons.

Table 8.32: Menu Options

Config-Only	Description
{post_at,{X,Y}}	Displays the menu as a pop-up menu at {X,Y} (coordinate system of the parent).

Table 8.33: Menu Config-Only Options

Menu Item

The menu item is an object of its own. It can send events when the user selects it.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{group, Atom}	<unspec>	For {type, radio|check}.
{itemtype, type}	normal	The type of this item. Cannot be reconfigured.
{label, {text,Text}}	<unspec>	The text of the item.
{underline, Int}	<unspec>	Underline character N to indicate an keyboard accelerator.
{value, Atom}	<unspec>

Table 8.34: Menu Item Options

type: normal | separator | check | radio | cascade

itemtype	Event
normal	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text, Index | _]}
check	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text, Index, Group, Bool| _]}
radio	{gs, itemId, click, Data, [Text, Index, Group, Value| _]}

Table 8.35: Menu Item Events

Read-Only	Return	Description
index	Int	Index in the menu. Starts counting from 0.

Table 8.36: Menu Item Read-Only Options

Menu Demo

Figure 8.13: Simple Menu

The following example shows a short demo of the gs menus:

-module(ex13).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0,init/0]).

start() -> spawn(ex13, init, []).

init() ->
    I=gs:start(),
    Win=gs:window(I, [{width,200},{height,100},
                      {title,"menu"},{map, true}]),
    Bar = gs:create(menubar, Win, []),
    Fmb = gs:create(menubutton, Bar,
                    [{label,{text,"File"}}]),
    Emb = gs:create(menubutton, Bar,
                    [{label,{text,"Edit"}}]),
    Hmb = gs:create(menubutton, Bar,
                    [{label,{text,"Help"}},{side,right}]),
    Fmnu = gs:create(menu, Fmb, []),
    Emnu = gs:create(menu, Emb, []),
    Hmnu = gs:create(menu, Hmb, []),
    gs:create(menuitem, load, Fmnu,
              [{label,{text, "Load"}}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, save, Fmnu,
              [{label,{text, "Save"}}]),
    Exit = gs:create(menuitem, Fmnu,
                     [{label,{text, "Exit"}}]),
    Color = gs:create(menuitem, Emnu,
                      [{label,{text, "Color"}},
                       {itemtype, cascade}]),
    Cmnu = gs:create(menu, Color, [{disabledfg,gray}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, Cmnu, [{label, {text,"Red"}},
                               {data, {new_color, red}},
                               {itemtype,radio},{group,gr1}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, Cmnu, [{label, {text,"Blue"}},
                               {data, {new_color, blue}},
                               {itemtype,radio},{group,gr1}]),
    gs:create(menuitem,Cmnu, [{label, {text,"Black"}},
                              {data, {new_color, black}},
                              {itemtype,radio},{group,gr1}]),
    Y = gs:create(menuitem, Hmnu, [{label, {text,"You"}},
                                   {itemtype, check}]),
    M = gs:create(menuitem, me, Hmnu, [{label, {text, "Me"}},
                                       {itemtype, check}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, Hmnu, [{itemtype, separator}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, Hmnu, [{label, {text, "Other"}},
                               {itemtype, check},
                               {enable,false}]),
    gs:create(menuitem, doit, Hmnu, [{label, {text, "Doit!"}},
                                     {data, {doit, Y, M}}]),
    loop(Exit, Win).

loop(Exit, Win) ->
    receive
        {gs, save, click, _Data, [Txt, Index | Rest]} ->
            io:format("Save~n");
        {gs, load, click, _Data, [Txt, Index | Rest]} ->
            io:format("Load~n");
        {gs, Exit, click, _Data, [Txt, Index | Rest]} ->
            io:format("Exit~n"),
            exit(normal);
        {gs, _MnuItem, click, {new_color, Color}, Args} ->
            io:format("Change color to ~w. Args:~p~n",
                      [Color, Args]),
            gs:config(Win, [{bg, Color}]);
        {gs, doit, click, {doit, YouId, MeId}, Args} ->
            HelpMe = gs:read(MeId, select),
            HelpYou = gs:read(YouId, select),
            io:format("Doit. HelpMe:~w, HelpYou:~w, Args:~p~n",
                      [HelpMe, HelpYou, Args]);
        Other -> io:format("Other:~p~n",[Other])
    end,
    loop(Exit, Win).

8.11 Grid

The grid object is similar to the listbox object. The main difference is that the grid is a multi-column object which is used to display tables. If needed, the grid can send click events when a user presses the mouse button in a table cell. Although the grid has a behavior which is similar to the listbox, the programming is somewhat different. The data in a table cell is represented as a pure gs object and can be treated as such. This object is called a grid line. It is located at a row in the parent grid. If a grid line is clicked, it sends an event to its owner.

Grid Line

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{{bg, Column},Color}	<unspec>	The background color of a cell.
{bg, {Column,Color}}	<unspec>	Equivalent to {{bg, Column},Color}.
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	The background color of all cells.
{click, Bool}	true	Turns click events on/off.
{doubleclick, Bool}	false	Turns double-click events on/off.
{{fg, Column},Color}	<unspec>	The foreground color of a cell.
{fg, {Column,Color}}	<unspec>	Equivalent to {{fg, Column},Color}
{fg,Color}	<unspec>	The foreground color of all cells.
{text, {Column,Text}}	<unspec>	The text in the cell.
{{text, Column},Text}	<unspec>	Equivalent to {text,{Column,Text}}.
{text,Text}	<unspec>	The text for all cells.
{row, {row}}	<unspec>	The grid row. Must not be occupied by another grid line.

Table 8.37: Grid Line Options

Event

{gs, GridLineId, click, Data, [Col, row, Text | _]}

{gs, GridLineId, doubleclick, Data, [Col, row, Text | _]}

Table 8.38: Gride Line Events

Grid

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{font,Font}	<unspec>	A "global" grid font.
{hscroll, Bool|top|bottom}	true	Horizontal scroll bar.
{vscoll, Bool|left|right}	true	Vertical scroll bar.
{rows, {Minrow,Maxrow}}	<unspec>	The rows which are currently displayed.
{columnwidths, [WidthCol1,WidthCol2, ..., WidthColN}}	<unspec>	Defines the number of columns and their widths in coordinates. The size of the columns can be reconfigured, but not the number of columns.
{fg, Color}	<unspec>	The color of the grid pattern and the text.
{bg, Color}	<unspec>	The background color.

Table 8.39: Grid Options

Read-Only	Return	Description
{obj_at_row, row}	Object |undefined	The grid line at row.

Table 8.40: Grid Read-Only Options

The rows and columns start counting at 1.

Grid Demo

Figure 8.14: Simple Grid

The following simple example shows how to use the grid.

-module(ex12).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0,init/0]).

start() -> spawn(ex12, init, []).

init() ->
    R=[{window,[{width,200},{height,200},{title,"grid"},{map, true}],
	{grid, [{x,10},{y,10},{height,180},{width,180},{columnwidths,[80,60]},
		{rows,{1, 20}}],
	 [{gridline,[{text,{1,"NAME"}},{text,{2,"PHONE"}},
		    {font,{screen,bold,12}},{row,1},{click,false}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"Adam"}},{text,{2,"1234"}},{row,2}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"Beata"}},{text,{2,"4321"}},{row,3}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"Thomas"}},{text,{2,"1432"}},{row,4}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"Bond"}},{text,{2,"007"}},{row,5}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"King"}},{text,{2,"112"}},{row,6}]},
	  {gridline,[{text,{1,"Eva"}},{text,{2,"4123"}},{row,7}]}]}}],
    gs:create_tree(gs:start(),R),
    loop().

loop() ->
    receive
	{gs,_Win,destroy,_Data,_Args} -> bye;
	{gs,_Gridline,click,_Data,[Col,Row,Text|_]} ->
	    io:format("Click at col:~p row:~p text:~p~n",[Col,Row,Text]),
	    loop();
        Msg ->
            io:format("Got ~p~n",[Msg]),
	    loop()
    end.

8.12 Editor

The editor object is a simple text editor.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{hscroll, Bool | top | bottom}	false	Horizontal scroll bar.
{insertpos,{row,Col}}	<unspec>	The position of the cursor.
{insertpos,'end'}	<unspec>	The position of the cursor.
{justify, left| right| center}	left	Text justification.
{scrollbg, Color}	<unspec>	Background color of scroll bar.
{scrollfg, Color}	<unspec>	Foreground color of scroll bar.
{selection, {FromIndex,ToIndex}}	<unspec>	The text range that is currently selected.
{vscroll, Bool | left | right}	false	Vertical scroll bar.
{vscrollpos, row}	<unspec>	The top most visible row in the editor.
{wrap, none|char | word}	none	How to wrap text when the line is full.

Table 8.41: Editor Options

Config-Only	Description
clear	Clears the editor.
{del, {FromIndex, ToIndex}}}	Deletes text.
{fg, {{FromIndex,ToIndex},Color}}	Sets the foreground color of a range of text.
{load, FileName}	Read FileName into the editor.
{insert, {Index, Text}}	Inserts new text.
{overwrite, {Index, Text}}	Writes new text at index.
{save, FileName}	Writes editor contents to file.

Table 8.42: Editor Config-Only Options

Read-Only	Return	Description
char_height	Int	The height of the editor window measured in characters.
char_width	Int	The width of the editor window measured in characters.
{fg,Index}	Int	The foreground color of the text at Index.
{get,{FromIndex, ToIndex}}	Text	The text between the indices.
size	Int	The number of rows in the editor.

Table 8.43: Editor Read-Only Options

Index: 'end'|insert|{row,Col}|{row,lineend}
    

Editor Demo

Figure 8.15: Simple Editor

-module(ex14).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/2 $ ').

-export([start/0,init/0]).

start() -> spawn(ex14, init, []).

init() ->
    Y = [{y,0},{height, 30},{width, 90}],
    R=[{window, [{width, 400},{height, 300}, {title,"editor"},{map, true}],
       [{editor,editor,[{x,0},{y, 35},{width,300},{height,250},
			{insert,{'end',"Edit this text!"}},{vscroll,right}]},
	{button, clear, [{label, {text, "Clear"}},{x,0} | Y]},
	{checkbutton,enable,[{label,{text,"Enable"}},{select,false},{x,100}|Y]},
	{button, time, [{label, {text, "Insert Time"}},{x,200} | Y]},
	{button, quit,  [{label, {text, "Quit"}},{x,300} | Y]}]}],
    gs:create_tree(gs:start(),R),
    gs:config(editor,{enable,false}),
    loop().

loop() ->
    receive
        {gs, clear, _, _, _} ->
            io:format("clear editor~n"),
            Enable = gs:read(editor, enable),
            gs:config(editor,{enable, true}),
            gs:config(editor,clear),
            gs:config(editor,{enable, Enable});
        {gs, enable, _, _, [_Txt, _Grp, Enable|_]} ->
            io:format("Enable: ~w~n", [Enable]),
            gs:config(editor,{enable, Enable});
        {gs, time, _, _, _} ->
            TimeStr = io_lib:format("Hr:Min:Sec is now ~w:~w:~w~n",
                                    tuple_to_list(time())),
            io:format("Insert Time: ~s~n", [TimeStr]),
            Enable = gs:read(editor, enable),
            gs:config(editor,{enable, true}),
            gs:config(editor,{insert, {insert, TimeStr}}),
            gs:config(editor,{enable, Enable});
        {gs, quit, _, _, _} ->
            exit(normal);
        Other ->
            io:format("Other:~w~n",[Other])
    end,
    loop().

8.13 Scale

A scale object is used to select a value within a specified range.

{Option,Value}	Default	Description
{orient, vertical | horizontal}	horizontal	The orientation of the scale.
{pos, Int}	<unspec>	The current value of the scale objects within the range.
{range, {Min, Max}}	<unspec>	The value range.
{showvalue, Bool}	true	Turns showing of scale value on/off.
{text, String}	<unspec>	If specified, a label will be attached to the scale.

Table 8.44: Scale Object Options

Event

{gs, Scale, click, Data, [Value | _]}

Table 8.45: Scale Object Options

The following example prompts a user to specify an RGB-value for the background color of a window.

Figure 8.16: Scale Objects for Selecting RGB Values for a Window

-module(ex11).
-copyright('Copyright (c) 1991-97 Ericsson Telecom AB').
-vsn('$Revision: /main/release/3 $ ').

-export([start/0,init/0]).

start() ->
    spawn(ex11,init,[]).

init() ->
    I= gs:start(),
    W= gs:window(I,[{title,"Color Demo"},
                    {width,300},{height,195}]), 
    B=gs:button(W,[{label,{image,"die_icon"}},{x,271},{y,166},
                   {width,30}]),
    gs:config(B,[{bg,yellow},{fg,hotpink1},{data,quit}]),
    gs:scale(W,[{text,"Red"},{y,0},{range,{0,255}},
                {orient,horizontal},
                {height,65},{data,red},{pos,42}]),
    gs:scale(W,[{text,"Blue"},{y,65},{range,{0,255}},
                {orient,horizontal},
                {height,65},{data,blue},{pos,42}]),
    gs:scale(W,[{text,"Green"},{y,130},{range,{0,255}},
                {orient,horizontal},
                {height,65},{data,green},{pos,42}]),
    gs:config(W,{map,true}),
    loop(W,0,0,0).

loop(W,R,G,B) ->
    gs:config(W,{bg,{R,G,B}}),
    receive
        {gs,_,click,red,[New_R|_]} ->
            loop(W,New_R,G,B);
        {gs,_,click,green,[New_G|_]} ->
            loop(W,R,New_G,B);
        {gs,_,click,blue,[New_B|_]} ->
            loop(W,R,G,New_B);
        {gs,_,click,quit,_} ->
            true;
        {gs,W,destroy,_,_} ->
            true
    end.