std.file

Utilities for manipulating files and scanning directories. Functions in this module handle files as a unit, e.g., read or write one file at a time. For opening files and manipulating them via handles refer to module std.stdio.

Category	Functions
General	`exists` `isDir` `isFile` `isSymlink` `rename` `thisExePath`
Directories	`chdir` `dirEntries` `getcwd` `mkdir` `mkdirRecurse` `rmdir` `rmdirRecurse` `tempDir`
Files	`append` `copy` `read` `readText` `remove` `slurp` `write`
Symlinks	`symlink` `readLink`
Attributes	`attrIsDir` `attrIsFile` `attrIsSymlink` `getAttributes` `getLinkAttributes` `getSize` `setAttributes`
Timestamp	`getTimes` `getTimesWin` `setTimes` `timeLastModified` `timeLastAccessed` `timeStatusChanged`
Other	`DirEntry` `FileException` `PreserveAttributes` `SpanMode` `getAvailableDiskSpace`

See Also:: The official tutorial for an introduction to working with files in D, module std.stdio for opening files and manipulating them via handles, and module std.path for manipulating path strings.

License:: Boost License 1.0.

Authors:: Walter Bright, Andrei Alexandrescu, Jonathan M Davis

Source: std/file.d

class FileException: object.Exception;

Exception thrown for file I/O errors.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

assertThrown!FileException("non.existing.file.".readText);

immutable uint errno;

OS error code.

pure @safe this(scope const(char)[] name, scope const(char)[] msg, string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__);

Constructor which takes an error message.

Parameters:

const(char)[] `name`	Name of file for which the error occurred.
const(char)[] `msg`	Message describing the error.
string `file`	The file where the error occurred.
size_t `line`	The line where the error occurred.

@trusted this(scope const(char)[] name, uint errno = .errno, string file = __FILE__, size_t line = __LINE__);

Constructor which takes the error number (GetLastError in Windows, errno in POSIX).

Parameters:

const(char)[] `name`	Name of file for which the error occurred.
uint `errno`	The error number.
string `file`	The file where the error occurred. Defaults to `__FILE__`.
size_t `line`	The line where the error occurred. Defaults to `__LINE__`.

void[] read(R)(R name, size_t upTo = size_t.max)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isInfinite!R && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void[] read(R)(auto ref R name, size_t upTo = size_t.max)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Read entire contents of file name and returns it as an untyped array. If the file size is larger than upTo, only upTo bytes are read.

Parameters:

R `name`	string or range of characters representing the file name
size_t `upTo`	if present, the maximum number of bytes to read

Returns:: Untyped array of bytes read.

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.utf : byChar;
scope(exit)
{
    assert(exists(deleteme));
    remove(deleteme);
}

std.file.write(deleteme, "1234"); // deleteme is the name of a temporary file
writeln(read(deleteme, 2)); // "12"
writeln(read(deleteme.byChar)); // "1234"
writeln((cast(const(ubyte)[])read(deleteme)).length); // 4

S readText(S = string, R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isSomeString!S && (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementType!R) || is(StringTypeOf!R)));

Reads and validates (using std.utf.validate) a text file. S can be an array of any character type. However, no width or endian conversions are performed. So, if the width or endianness of the characters in the given file differ from the width or endianness of the element type of S, then validation will fail.

Parameters:

S	the string type of the file
R `name`	string or range of characters representing the file name

Returns:: Array of characters read.

Throws:: FileException if there is an error reading the file, std.utf.UTFException on UTF decoding error.

Examples:

Read file with UTF-8 text.

write(deleteme, "abc"); // deleteme is the name of a temporary file
scope(exit) remove(deleteme);
string content = readText(deleteme);
writeln(content); // "abc"

void write(R)(R name, const void[] buffer)
Constraints: if ((isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) || isSomeString!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void write(R)(auto ref R name, const void[] buffer)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Write buffer to file name.

Creates the file if it does not already exist.

Parameters:

R `name`	string or range of characters representing the file name
void[] `buffer`	data to be written to file

Throws:: FileException on error.

See Also:: std.stdio.toFile

Examples:

scope(exit)
{
    assert(exists(deleteme));
    remove(deleteme);
}

int[] a = [ 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 ];
write(deleteme, a); // deleteme is the name of a temporary file
writeln(cast(int[])read(deleteme)); // a

void append(R)(R name, const void[] buffer)
Constraints: if ((isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) || isSomeString!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void append(R)(auto ref R name, const void[] buffer)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Appends buffer to file name.

Creates the file if it does not already exist.

Parameters:

R `name`	string or range of characters representing the file name
void[] `buffer`	data to be appended to file

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

scope(exit)
{
    assert(exists(deleteme));
    remove(deleteme);
}

int[] a = [ 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 ];
write(deleteme, a); // deleteme is the name of a temporary file
int[] b = [ 13, 21 ];
append(deleteme, b);
writeln(cast(int[])read(deleteme)); // a ~ b

void rename(RF, RT)(RF from, RT to)
Constraints: if ((isInputRange!RF && !isInfinite!RF && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RF) || isSomeString!RF) && !isConvertibleToString!RF && (isInputRange!RT && !isInfinite!RT && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RT) || isSomeString!RT) && !isConvertibleToString!RT);

void rename(RF, RT)(auto ref RF from, auto ref RT to)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!RF || isConvertibleToString!RT);

Rename file from to to, moving it between directories if required. If the target file exists, it is overwritten.

It is not possible to rename a file across different mount points or drives. On POSIX, the operation is atomic. That means, if to already exists there will be no time period during the operation where to is missing. See manpage for rename for more details.

Parameters:

RF `from`	string or range of characters representing the existing file name
RT `to`	string or range of characters representing the target file name

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

auto t1 = deleteme, t2 = deleteme~"2";
scope(exit) foreach (t; [t1, t2]) if (t.exists) t.remove();

t1.write("1");
t1.rename(t2);
writeln(t2.readText); // "1"

t1.write("2");
t1.rename(t2);
writeln(t2.readText); // "2"

void remove(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void remove(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Delete file name.

Parameters:

R name string or range of characters representing the file name

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

deleteme.write("Hello");
writeln(deleteme.readText); // "Hello"

deleteme.remove;
assertThrown!FileException(deleteme.readText);

ulong getSize(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

ulong getSize(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Get size of file name in bytes.

Parameters:

R name string or range of characters representing the file name

Returns:: The size of file in bytes.

Throws:: FileException on error (e.g., file not found).

Examples:

scope(exit) deleteme.remove;

// create a file of size 1
write(deleteme, "a");
writeln(getSize(deleteme)); // 1

// create a file of size 3
write(deleteme, "abc");
writeln(getSize(deleteme)); // 3

void getTimes(R)(R name, out SysTime accessTime, out SysTime modificationTime)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void getTimes(R)(auto ref R name, out SysTime accessTime, out SysTime modificationTime)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Get the access and modified times of file or folder name.

Parameters:

R `name`	File/Folder name to get times for.
SysTime `accessTime`	Time the file/folder was last accessed.
SysTime `modificationTime`	Time the file/folder was last modified.

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.datetime : abs, SysTime;

scope(exit) deleteme.remove;
write(deleteme, "a");

SysTime accessTime, modificationTime;

getTimes(deleteme, accessTime, modificationTime);

import std.datetime : Clock, seconds;
auto currTime = Clock.currTime();
enum leeway = 5.seconds;

auto diffAccess = accessTime - currTime;
auto diffModification = modificationTime - currTime;
assert(abs(diffAccess) <= leeway);
assert(abs(diffModification) <= leeway);

void getTimesWin(R)(R name, out SysTime fileCreationTime, out SysTime fileAccessTime, out SysTime fileModificationTime)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

This function is Windows-Only.

Get creation/access/modified times of file name.

This is the same as getTimes except that it also gives you the file creation time - which isn't possible on POSIX systems.

Parameters:

R `name`	File name to get times for.
SysTime `fileCreationTime`	Time the file was created.
SysTime `fileAccessTime`	Time the file was last accessed.
SysTime `fileModificationTime`	Time the file was last modified.

Throws:: FileException on error.

void setTimes(R)(R name, SysTime accessTime, SysTime modificationTime)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void setTimes(R)(auto ref R name, SysTime accessTime, SysTime modificationTime)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Set access/modified times of file or folder name.

Parameters:

R `name`	File/Folder name to get times for.
SysTime `accessTime`	Time the file/folder was last accessed.
SysTime `modificationTime`	Time the file/folder was last modified.

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.datetime : DateTime, hnsecs, SysTime;

scope(exit) deleteme.remove;
write(deleteme, "a");

SysTime accessTime = SysTime(DateTime(2010, 10, 4, 0, 0, 30));
SysTime modificationTime = SysTime(DateTime(2018, 10, 4, 0, 0, 30));
setTimes(deleteme, accessTime, modificationTime);

SysTime accessTimeResolved, modificationTimeResolved;
getTimes(deleteme, accessTimeResolved, modificationTimeResolved);

writeln(accessTime); // accessTimeResolved
writeln(modificationTime); // modificationTimeResolved

SysTime timeLastModified(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

SysTime timeLastModified(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Returns the time that the given file was last modified.

Parameters:

R name the name of the file to check

Returns:: A std.datetime.systime.SysTime.

Throws:: FileException if the given file does not exist.

Examples:

import std.datetime : abs, DateTime, hnsecs, SysTime;
scope(exit) deleteme.remove;

import std.datetime : Clock, seconds;
auto currTime = Clock.currTime();
enum leeway = 5.seconds;
deleteme.write("bb");
assert(abs(deleteme.timeLastModified - currTime) <= leeway);

SysTime timeLastModified(R)(R name, SysTime returnIfMissing)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R));

Returns the time that the given file was last modified. If the file does not exist, returns returnIfMissing.

A frequent usage pattern occurs in build automation tools such as make or ant. To check whether file target must be rebuilt from file source (i.e., target is older than source or does not exist), use the comparison below. The code throws a FileException if source does not exist (as it should). On the other hand, the SysTime.min default makes a non-existing target seem infinitely old so the test correctly prompts building it.

Parameters:

R `name`	The name of the file to get the modification time for.
SysTime `returnIfMissing`	The time to return if the given file does not exist.

Returns:: A std.datetime.systime.SysTime.

Example

if (source.timeLastModified >= target.timeLastModified(SysTime.min))
{
    // must (re)build
}
else
{
    // target is up-to-date
}

Examples:

import std.datetime : SysTime;

writeln("file.does.not.exist".timeLastModified(SysTime.min)); // SysTime.min

auto source = deleteme ~ "source";
auto target = deleteme ~ "target";
scope(exit) source.remove, target.remove;

source.write(".");
assert(target.timeLastModified(SysTime.min) < source.timeLastModified);
target.write(".");
assert(target.timeLastModified(SysTime.min) >= source.timeLastModified);

pure nothrow SysTime timeLastModified()(auto ref stat_t statbuf);

This function is POSIX-Only.

Returns the time that the given file was last modified.

Parameters:

stat_t statbuf stat_t retrieved from file.

pure nothrow SysTime timeLastAccessed()(auto ref stat_t statbuf);

This function is POSIX-Only.

Returns the time that the given file was last accessed.

Parameters:

stat_t statbuf stat_t retrieved from file.

pure nothrow SysTime timeStatusChanged()(auto ref stat_t statbuf);

This function is POSIX-Only.

Returns the time that the given file was last changed.

Parameters:

stat_t statbuf stat_t retrieved from file.

bool exists(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

bool exists(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Determine whether the given file (or directory) exists.

Parameters:

R name string or range of characters representing the file name

Returns:: true if the file name specified as input exists

Examples:

auto f = deleteme ~ "does.not.exist";
assert(!f.exists);

f.write("hello");
assert(f.exists);

f.remove;
assert(!f.exists);

uint getAttributes(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

uint getAttributes(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Returns the attributes of the given file.

Note that the file attributes on Windows and POSIX systems are completely different. On Windows, they're what is returned by GetFileAttributes, whereas on POSIX systems, they're the st_mode value which is part of the stat struct gotten by calling the stat function.

On POSIX systems, if the given file is a symbolic link, then attributes are the attributes of the file pointed to by the symbolic link.

Parameters:

R name The file to get the attributes of.

Returns:: The attributes of the file as a uint.

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

getAttributes with a file

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto f = deleteme ~ "file";
scope(exit) f.remove;

assert(!f.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(f.getAttributes);

f.write(".");
auto attributes = f.getAttributes;
assert(!attributes.attrIsDir);
assert(attributes.attrIsFile);

Examples:

getAttributes with a directory

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir;

assert(!dir.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(dir.getAttributes);

dir.mkdir;
auto attributes = dir.getAttributes;
assert(attributes.attrIsDir);
assert(!attributes.attrIsFile);

uint getLinkAttributes(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

uint getLinkAttributes(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

If the given file is a symbolic link, then this returns the attributes of the symbolic link itself rather than file that it points to. If the given file is not a symbolic link, then this function returns the same result as getAttributes.

On Windows, getLinkAttributes is identical to getAttributes. It exists on Windows so that you don't have to special-case code for Windows when dealing with symbolic links.

Parameters:

R name The file to get the symbolic link attributes of.

Returns:: the attributes

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto source = deleteme ~ "source";
auto target = deleteme ~ "target";

assert(!source.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(source.getLinkAttributes);

// symlinking isn't available on Windows
version (Posix)
{
    scope(exit) source.remove, target.remove;

    target.write("target");
    target.symlink(source);
    writeln(source.readText); // "target"
    assert(source.isSymlink);
    assert(source.getLinkAttributes.attrIsSymlink);
}

Examples:

if the file is no symlink, getLinkAttributes behaves like getAttributes

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto f = deleteme ~ "file";
scope(exit) f.remove;

assert(!f.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(f.getLinkAttributes);

f.write(".");
auto attributes = f.getLinkAttributes;
assert(!attributes.attrIsDir);
assert(attributes.attrIsFile);

Examples:

if the file is no symlink, getLinkAttributes behaves like getAttributes

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir;

assert(!dir.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(dir.getLinkAttributes);

dir.mkdir;
auto attributes = dir.getLinkAttributes;
assert(attributes.attrIsDir);
assert(!attributes.attrIsFile);

void setAttributes(R)(R name, uint attributes)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void setAttributes(R)(auto ref R name, uint attributes)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Set the attributes of the given file.

For example, a programmatic equivalent of Unix's chmod +x name to make a file executable is name.setAttributes(name.getAttributes | octal!700).

Parameters:

R `name`	the file name
uint `attributes`	the attributes to set the file to

Throws:: FileException if the given file does not exist.

Examples:

setAttributes with a file

import std.exception : assertThrown;
import std.conv : octal;

auto f = deleteme ~ "file";
version (Posix)
{
    scope(exit) f.remove;

    assert(!f.exists);
    assertThrown!FileException(f.setAttributes(octal!777));

    f.write(".");
    auto attributes = f.getAttributes;
    assert(!attributes.attrIsDir);
    assert(attributes.attrIsFile);

    f.setAttributes(octal!777);
    attributes = f.getAttributes;

    writeln((attributes & 1023)); // octal!777
}

Examples:

setAttributes with a directory

import std.exception : assertThrown;
import std.conv : octal;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
version (Posix)
{
    scope(exit) dir.rmdir;

    assert(!dir.exists);
    assertThrown!FileException(dir.setAttributes(octal!777));

    dir.mkdir;
    auto attributes = dir.getAttributes;
    assert(attributes.attrIsDir);
    assert(!attributes.attrIsFile);

    dir.setAttributes(octal!777);
    attributes = dir.getAttributes;

    writeln((attributes & 1023)); // octal!777
}

@property bool isDir(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

@property bool isDir(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Returns whether the given file is a directory.

Parameters:

R name The path to the file.

Returns:: true if name specifies a directory

Throws:: FileException if the given file does not exist.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
auto f = deleteme ~ "f";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir, f.remove;

assert(!dir.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(dir.isDir);

dir.mkdir;
assert(dir.isDir);

f.write(".");
assert(!f.isDir);

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool attrIsDir(uint attributes);

Returns whether the given file attributes are for a directory.

Parameters:

uint attributes The file attributes.

Returns:: true if attributes specifies a directory

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
auto f = deleteme ~ "f";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir, f.remove;

assert(!dir.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(dir.getAttributes.attrIsDir);

dir.mkdir;
assert(dir.isDir);
assert(dir.getAttributes.attrIsDir);

f.write(".");
assert(!f.isDir);
assert(!f.getAttributes.attrIsDir);

@property bool isFile(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

@property bool isFile(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Returns whether the given file (or directory) is a file.

On Windows, if a file is not a directory, then it's a file. So, either isFile or isDir will return true for any given file.

On POSIX systems, if isFile is true, that indicates that the file is a regular file (e.g. not a block not device). So, on POSIX systems, it's possible for both isFile and isDir to be false for a particular file (in which case, it's a special file). You can use getAttributes to get the attributes to figure out what type of special it is, or you can use DirEntry to get at its statBuf, which is the result from stat. In either case, see the man page for stat for more information.

Parameters:

R name The path to the file.

Returns:: true if name specifies a file

Throws:: FileException if the given file does not exist.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
auto f = deleteme ~ "f";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir, f.remove;

dir.mkdir;
assert(!dir.isFile);

assert(!f.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(f.isFile);

f.write(".");
assert(f.isFile);

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool attrIsFile(uint attributes);

Returns whether the given file attributes are for a file.

On Windows, if a file is not a directory, it's a file. So, either attrIsFile or attrIsDir will return true for the attributes of any given file.

On POSIX systems, if attrIsFile is true, that indicates that the file is a regular file (e.g. not a block not device). So, on POSIX systems, it's possible for both attrIsFile and attrIsDir to be false for a particular file (in which case, it's a special file). If a file is a special file, you can use the attributes to check what type of special file it is (see the man page for stat for more information).

Parameters:

uint attributes The file attributes.

Returns:: true if the given file attributes are for a file

Example

assert(attrIsFile(getAttributes("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf")));
assert(attrIsFile(getLinkAttributes("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf")));

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
auto f = deleteme ~ "f";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir, f.remove;

dir.mkdir;
assert(!dir.isFile);
assert(!dir.getAttributes.attrIsFile);

assert(!f.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(f.getAttributes.attrIsFile);

f.write(".");
assert(f.isFile);
assert(f.getAttributes.attrIsFile);

@property bool isSymlink(R)(R name)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

@property bool isSymlink(R)(auto ref R name)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Returns whether the given file is a symbolic link.

On Windows, returns true when the file is either a symbolic link or a junction point.

Parameters:

R name The path to the file.

Returns:: true if name is a symbolic link

Throws:: FileException if the given file does not exist.

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto source = deleteme ~ "source";
auto target = deleteme ~ "target";

assert(!source.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(source.isSymlink);

// symlinking isn't available on Windows
version (Posix)
{
    scope(exit) source.remove, target.remove;

    target.write("target");
    target.symlink(source);
    writeln(source.readText); // "target"
    assert(source.isSymlink);
    assert(source.getLinkAttributes.attrIsSymlink);
}

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool attrIsSymlink(uint attributes);

Returns whether the given file attributes are for a symbolic link.

On Windows, return true when the file is either a symbolic link or a junction point.

Parameters:

uint attributes The file attributes.

Returns:: true if attributes are for a symbolic link

Example

core.sys.posix.unistd.symlink("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf", "/tmp/alink");

assert(!getAttributes("/tmp/alink").isSymlink);
assert(getLinkAttributes("/tmp/alink").isSymlink);

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto source = deleteme ~ "source";
auto target = deleteme ~ "target";

assert(!source.exists);
assertThrown!FileException(source.getLinkAttributes.attrIsSymlink);

// symlinking isn't available on Windows
version (Posix)
{
    scope(exit) source.remove, target.remove;

    target.write("target");
    target.symlink(source);
    writeln(source.readText); // "target"
    assert(source.isSymlink);
    assert(source.getLinkAttributes.attrIsSymlink);
}

void chdir(R)(R pathname)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void chdir(R)(auto ref R pathname)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Change directory to pathname. Equivalent to cd on Windows and POSIX.

Parameters:

R pathname the directory to step into

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
import std.path : buildPath;

auto cwd = getcwd;
auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
dir.mkdir;
scope(exit) cwd.chdir, dir.rmdirRecurse;

dir.buildPath("a").write(".");
dir.chdir; // step into dir
"b".write(".");
dirEntries(".", SpanMode.shallow).equal(
    [".".buildPath("b"), ".".buildPath("a")]
);

void mkdir(R)(R pathname)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void mkdir(R)(auto ref R pathname)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Make a new directory pathname.

Parameters:

R pathname the path of the directory to make

Throws:: FileException on POSIX or WindowsException on Windows if an error occured.

Examples:

import std.file : mkdir;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
scope(exit) dir.rmdir;

dir.mkdir;
assert(dir.exists);

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;
assertThrown("a/b/c/d/e".mkdir);

@safe void mkdirRecurse(scope const(char)[] pathname);

Make directory and all parent directories as needed.

Does nothing if the directory specified by pathname already exists.

Parameters:

const(char)[] pathname the full path of the directory to create

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

import std.path : buildPath;

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";
scope(exit) dir.rmdirRecurse;

dir.mkdir;
assert(dir.exists);
dir.mkdirRecurse; // does nothing

// creates all parent directories as needed
auto nested = dir.buildPath("a", "b", "c");
nested.mkdirRecurse;
assert(nested.exists);

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

scope(exit) deleteme.remove;
deleteme.write("a");

// cannot make directory as it's already a file
assertThrown!FileException(deleteme.mkdirRecurse);

void rmdir(R)(R pathname)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) && !isConvertibleToString!R);

void rmdir(R)(auto ref R pathname)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!R);

Remove directory pathname.

Parameters:

R pathname Range or string specifying the directory name

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

auto dir = deleteme ~ "dir";

dir.mkdir;
assert(dir.exists);
dir.rmdir;
assert(!dir.exists);

void symlink(RO, RL)(RO original, RL link)
Constraints: if ((isInputRange!RO && !isInfinite!RO && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RO) || isConvertibleToString!RO) && (isInputRange!RL && !isInfinite!RL && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RL) || isConvertibleToString!RL));

This function is POSIX-Only.

Creates a symbolic link (symlink).

Parameters:

RO `original`	The file that is being linked. This is the target path that's stored in the symlink. A relative path is relative to the created symlink.
RL `link`	The symlink to create. A relative path is relative to the current working directory.

Throws:: FileException on error (which includes if the symlink already exists).

string readLink(R)(R link)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!R) || isConvertibleToString!R);

This function is POSIX-Only.

Returns the path to the file pointed to by a symlink. Note that the path could be either relative or absolute depending on the symlink. If the path is relative, it's relative to the symlink, not the current working directory.

Throws:: FileException on error.

@trusted string getcwd();

Get the current working directory.

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

auto s = getcwd();
assert(s.length);

@trusted string thisExePath();

Returns the full path of the current executable.

Returns:: The path of the executable as a string.

Throws:: Exception

Examples:

import std.path : isAbsolute;
auto path = thisExePath();

assert(path.exists);
assert(path.isAbsolute);
assert(path.isFile);

struct DirEntry;

Info on a file, similar to what you'd get from stat on a POSIX system.

@safe this(string path);

Constructs a DirEntry for the given file (or directory).

Parameters:

string path The file (or directory) to get a DirEntry for.

Throws:: FileException if the file does not exist.

const @property @safe string name();

Returns the path to the file represented by this DirEntry.

Example

auto de1 = DirEntry("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf");
assert(de1.name == "/etc/fonts/fonts.conf");

auto de2 = DirEntry("/usr/share/include");
assert(de2.name == "/usr/share/include");

@property @safe bool isDir();

Returns whether the file represented by this DirEntry is a directory.

Example

auto de1 = DirEntry("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf");
assert(!de1.isDir);

auto de2 = DirEntry("/usr/share/include");
assert(de2.isDir);

@property @safe bool isFile();

Returns whether the file represented by this DirEntry is a file.

On Windows, if a file is not a directory, then it's a file. So, either isFile or isDir will return true.

On POSIX systems, if isFile is true, that indicates that the file is a regular file (e.g. not a block not device). So, on POSIX systems, it's possible for both isFile and isDir to be false for a particular file (in which case, it's a special file). You can use attributes or statBuf to get more information about a special file (see the stat man page for more details).

Example

auto de1 = DirEntry("/etc/fonts/fonts.conf");
assert(de1.isFile);

auto de2 = DirEntry("/usr/share/include");
assert(!de2.isFile);

@property @safe bool isSymlink();

Returns whether the file represented by this DirEntry is a symbolic link.

On Windows, return true when the file is either a symbolic link or a junction point.

@property @safe ulong size();

Returns the size of the the file represented by this DirEntry in bytes.

const @property @safe SysTime timeCreated();

This function is Windows-Only.

Returns the creation time of the file represented by this DirEntry.

@property @safe SysTime timeLastAccessed();

Returns the time that the file represented by this DirEntry was last accessed.

Note that many file systems do not update the access time for files (generally for performance reasons), so there's a good chance that timeLastAccessed will return the same value as timeLastModified.

@property @safe SysTime timeLastModified();

Returns the time that the file represented by this DirEntry was last modified.

const @property @safe SysTime timeStatusChanged();

This function is POSIX-Only.

Returns the time that the file represented by this DirEntry was last changed (not only in contents, but also in permissions or ownership).

@property @safe uint attributes();

Returns the attributes of the file represented by this DirEntry.

Note that the file attributes on Windows and POSIX systems are completely different. On, Windows, they're what is returned by GetFileAttributes GetFileAttributes Whereas, an POSIX systems, they're the st_mode value which is part of the stat struct gotten by calling stat.

On POSIX systems, if the file represented by this DirEntry is a symbolic link, then attributes are the attributes of the file pointed to by the symbolic link.

@property @safe uint linkAttributes();

On POSIX systems, if the file represented by this DirEntry is a symbolic link, then linkAttributes are the attributes of the symbolic link itself. Otherwise, linkAttributes is identical to attributes.

On Windows, linkAttributes is identical to attributes. It exists on Windows so that you don't have to special-case code for Windows when dealing with symbolic links.

@property @safe stat_t statBuf();

This function is POSIX-Only.

The stat struct gotten from calling stat.

PreserveAttributes preserveAttributesDefault;

Defaults to Yes.preserveAttributes on Windows, and the opposite on all other platforms.

void copy(RF, RT)(RF from, RT to, PreserveAttributes preserve = preserveAttributesDefault)
Constraints: if (isInputRange!RF && !isInfinite!RF && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RF) && !isConvertibleToString!RF && isInputRange!RT && !isInfinite!RT && isSomeChar!(ElementEncodingType!RT) && !isConvertibleToString!RT);

void copy(RF, RT)(auto ref RF from, auto ref RT to, PreserveAttributes preserve = preserveAttributesDefault)
Constraints: if (isConvertibleToString!RF || isConvertibleToString!RT);

Copy file from to file to. File timestamps are preserved. File attributes are preserved, if preserve equals Yes.preserveAttributes. On Windows only Yes.preserveAttributes (the default on Windows) is supported. If the target file exists, it is overwritten.

Parameters:

RF `from`	string or range of characters representing the existing file name
RT `to`	string or range of characters representing the target file name
PreserveAttributes `preserve`	whether to preserve the file attributes

Throws:: FileException on error.

Examples:

auto source = deleteme ~ "source";
auto target = deleteme ~ "target";
auto targetNonExistent = deleteme ~ "target2";

scope(exit) source.remove, target.remove, targetNonExistent.remove;

source.write("source");
target.write("target");

writeln(target.readText); // "target"

source.copy(target);
writeln(target.readText); // "source"

source.copy(targetNonExistent);
writeln(targetNonExistent.readText); // "source"

@safe void rmdirRecurse(scope const(char)[] pathname);

@safe void rmdirRecurse(ref DirEntry de);

@safe void rmdirRecurse(DirEntry de);

Remove directory and all of its content and subdirectories, recursively.

Parameters:

const(char)[] `pathname`	the path of the directory to completely remove
DirEntry `de`	The `DirEntry` to remove

Throws:: FileException if there is an error (including if the given file is not a directory).

Examples:

import std.path : buildPath;

auto dir = deleteme.buildPath("a", "b", "c");

dir.mkdirRecurse;
assert(dir.exists);

deleteme.rmdirRecurse;
assert(!dir.exists);
assert(!deleteme.exists);

enum SpanMode: int;

Dictates directory spanning policy for dirEntries (see below).

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
import std.algorithm.iteration : map;
import std.path : buildPath, relativePath;

auto root = deleteme ~ "root";
scope(exit) root.rmdirRecurse;
root.mkdir;

root.buildPath("animals").mkdir;
root.buildPath("animals", "cat").mkdir;
root.buildPath("animals", "dog").mkdir;
root.buildPath("plants").mkdir;

alias removeRoot = (e) => e.relativePath(root);

root.dirEntries(SpanMode.shallow).map!removeRoot.equal(
    ["plants", "animals"]);

root.dirEntries(SpanMode.depth).map!removeRoot.equal(
    ["plants", "animals/dog", "animals/cat", "animals"]);

root.dirEntries(SpanMode.breadth).map!removeRoot.equal(
    ["plants", "animals", "animals/dog", "animals/cat"]);

shallow

Only spans one directory.

depth

Spans the directory in depth-first post-order, i.e. the content of any subdirectory is spanned before that subdirectory itself. Useful e.g. when recursively deleting files.

breadth

Spans the directory in depth-first pre-order, i.e. the content of any subdirectory is spanned right after that subdirectory itself.

Note that SpanMode.breadth will not result in all directory members occurring before any subdirectory members, i.e. it is not true breadth-first traversal.

auto dirEntries(string path, SpanMode mode, bool followSymlink = true);

auto dirEntries(string path, string pattern, SpanMode mode, bool followSymlink = true);

Returns an input range of DirEntry that lazily iterates a given directory, also provides two ways of foreach iteration. The iteration variable can be of type string if only the name is needed, or DirEntry if additional details are needed. The span mode dictates how the directory is traversed. The name of each iterated directory entry contains the absolute or relative path (depending on pathname).

Parameters:

string `path`	The directory to iterate over. If empty, the current directory will be iterated.
string `pattern`	Optional string with wildcards, such as "*.d". When present, it is used to filter the results by their file name. The supported wildcard strings are described under `std.path.globMatch`.
SpanMode `mode`	Whether the directory's sub-directories should be iterated in depth-first post-order (`depth`), depth-first pre-order (`breadth`), or not at all (`shallow`).
bool `followSymlink`	Whether symbolic links which point to directories should be treated as directories and their contents iterated over.

Returns:: An input range of DirEntry.

Throws:: FileException if the directory does not exist.

Example

// Iterate a directory in depth
foreach (string name; dirEntries("destroy/me", SpanMode.depth))
{
    remove(name);
}

// Iterate the current directory in breadth
foreach (string name; dirEntries("", SpanMode.breadth))
{
    writeln(name);
}

// Iterate a directory and get detailed info about it
foreach (DirEntry e; dirEntries("dmd-testing", SpanMode.breadth))
{
    writeln(e.name, "\t", e.size);
}

// Iterate over all *.d files in current directory and all its subdirectories
auto dFiles = dirEntries("", SpanMode.depth).filter!(f => f.name.endsWith(".d"));
foreach (d; dFiles)
    writeln(d.name);

// Hook it up with std.parallelism to compile them all in parallel:
foreach (d; parallel(dFiles, 1)) //passes by 1 file to each thread
{
    string cmd = "dmd -c "  ~ d.name;
    writeln(cmd);
    std.process.executeShell(cmd);
}

// Iterate over all D source files in current directory and all its
// subdirectories
auto dFiles = dirEntries("","*.{d,di}",SpanMode.depth);
foreach (d; dFiles)
    writeln(d.name);

Examples:

Duplicate functionality of D1's std.file.listdir():

string[] listdir(string pathname)
{
    import std.algorithm;
    import std.array;
    import std.file;
    import std.path;

    return std.file.dirEntries(pathname, SpanMode.shallow)
        .filter!(a => a.isFile)
        .map!(a => std.path.baseName(a.name))
        .array;
}

void main(string[] args)
{
    import std.stdio;

    string[] files = listdir(args[1]);
    writefln("%s", files);
 }

Select!(Types.length == 1, Types[0][], Tuple!Types[]) slurp(Types...)(string filename, scope const(char)[] format);

Reads a file line by line and parses the line into a single value or a std.typecons.Tuple of values depending on the length of Types. The lines are parsed using the specified format string. The format string is passed to std.format.formattedRead, and therefore must conform to the format string specification outlined in std.format.

Parameters:

Types	the types that each of the elements in the line should be returned as
string `filename`	the name of the file to read
const(char)[] `format`	the format string to use when reading

Returns:: If only one type is passed, then an array of that type. Otherwise, an array of std.typecons.Tuples.

Throws:: Exception if the format string is malformed. Also, throws Exception if any of the lines in the file are not fully consumed by the call to std.format.formattedRead. Meaning that no empty lines or lines with extra characters are allowed.

Examples:

import std.typecons : tuple;

scope(exit)
{
    assert(exists(deleteme));
    remove(deleteme);
}

write(deleteme, "12 12.25\n345 1.125"); // deleteme is the name of a temporary file

// Load file; each line is an int followed by comma, whitespace and a
// double.
auto a = slurp!(int, double)(deleteme, "%s %s");
writeln(a.length); // 2
writeln(a[0]); // tuple(12, 12.25)
writeln(a[1]); // tuple(345, 1.125)

@trusted string tempDir();

Returns the path to a directory for temporary files.

The return value of the function is cached, so the procedures described below will only be performed the first time the function is called. All subsequent runs will return the same string, regardless of whether environment variables and directory structures have changed in the meantime.

The POSIX tempDir algorithm is inspired by Python's tempfile.tempdir.

Returns:

On Windows, this function returns the result of calling the Windows API function GetTempPath. On POSIX platforms, it searches through the following list of directories and returns the first one which is found to exist:

The directory given by the TMPDIR environment variable.
The directory given by the TEMP environment variable.
The directory given by the TMP environment variable.
/tmp
/var/tmp
/usr/tmp

On all platforms, tempDir returns "." on failure, representing the current working directory.

Examples:

import std.ascii : letters;
import std.conv : to;
import std.path : buildPath;
import std.random : randomSample;
import std.utf : byCodeUnit;

// random id with 20 letters
auto id = letters.byCodeUnit.randomSample(20).to!string;
auto myFile = tempDir.buildPath(id ~ "my_tmp_file");
scope(exit) myFile.remove;

myFile.write("hello");
writeln(myFile.readText); // "hello"

@safe ulong getAvailableDiskSpace(scope const(char)[] path);

Returns the available disk space based on a given path. On Windows, path must be a directory; on POSIX systems, it can be a file or directory.

Parameters:

const(char)[] path on Windows, it must be a directory; on POSIX it can be a file or directory

Returns:: Available space in bytes

Throws:: FileException in case of failure

Examples:

import std.exception : assertThrown;

auto space = getAvailableDiskSpace(".");
assert(space > 0);

assertThrown!FileException(getAvailableDiskSpace("ThisFileDoesNotExist123123"));