About Templates

A cookbook template is an Embedded Ruby (ERB) template that is used to dynamically generate static text files. Templates may contain Ruby expressions and statements, and are a great way to manage configuration files. Use the template resource to add cookbook templates to recipes; place the corresponding Embedded Ruby (ERB) template file in a cookbook’s /templates directory.

Requirements

To use a template, two things must happen:

1. A template resource must be added to a recipe
2. An Embedded Ruby (ERB) template must be added to a cookbook

For example, the following template file and template resource settings can be used to manage a configuration file named /etc/sudoers. Within a cookbook that uses sudo, the following resource could be added to /recipes/default.rb:

template '/etc/sudoers' do
  source 'sudoers.erb'
  mode '0440'
  owner 'root'
  group 'root'
  variables({
     :sudoers_groups => node[:authorization][:sudo][:groups],
     :sudoers_users => node[:authorization][:sudo][:users]
  })
end

And then create a template called sudoers.erb and save it to templates/default/sudoers.erb:

#
# /etc/sudoers
#
# Generated by Chef for <%= node[:fqdn] %>
#

Defaults        !lecture,tty_tickets,!fqdn

# User privilege specification
root          ALL=(ALL) ALL

<% @sudoers_users.each do |user| -%>
<%= user %>   ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL
<% end -%>

# Members of the sysadmin group may gain root privileges
%sysadmin     ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL

<% @sudoers_groups.each do |group| -%>
# Members of the group '<%= group %>' may gain root privileges
%<%= group %> ALL=(ALL) <%= "NOPASSWD:" if @passwordless %>ALL
<% end -%>

And then set the default attributes in attributes/default.rb:

default['authorization']['sudo']['groups'] = [ 'sysadmin', 'wheel', 'admin' ]
default['authorization']['sudo']['users']  = [ 'jerry', 'greg']

Variables

A template is an Embedded Ruby (ERB) template. An Embedded Ruby (ERB) template allows Ruby code to be embedded inside a text file within specially formatted tags. Ruby code can be embedded using expressions and statements. An expression is delimited by <%= and %>. For example:

<%= "my name is #{$ruby}" %>

A statement is delimited by a modifier, such as if, elseif, and else. For example:

if false
   # this won't happen
elsif nil
   # this won't either
else
   # code here will run though
end

Using a Ruby expression is the most common approach for defining template variables because this is how all variables that are sent to a template are referenced. Whenever a template needs to use an each, if, or end, use a Ruby statement.

When a template is rendered, Ruby expressions and statements are evaluated by the chef-client. The variables listed in the template resource’s variables parameter and in the node object are evaluated. The chef-client then passes these variables to the template, where they will be accessible as instance variables within the template. The node object can be accessed just as if it were part of a recipe, using the same syntax.

For example, a simple template resource like this:

node[:fqdn] = 'latte'
template '/tmp/foo' do
  source 'foo.erb'
  variables({
    :x_men => 'are keen'
  })
end

And a simple Embedded Ruby (ERB) template like this:

The node <%= node[:fqdn] %> thinks the x-men <%= @x_men %>

Would render something like:

The node latte thinks the x-men are keen

Even though this is a very simple example, the full capabilities of Ruby can be used to tackle even the most complex and demanding template requirements.

File Specificity

A cookbook is frequently designed to work across many platforms and is often required to distribute a specific template to a specific platform. A cookbook can be designed to support the distribution of templates across platforms, while ensuring that the correct template ends up on each system.

The pattern for template specificity depends on two things: the lookup path and the source. The first pattern that matches is used:

1. /host-$fqdn/$source
2. /$platform-$platform_version/$source
3. /$platform/$source
4. /default/$source
5. /$source

Use an array with the source property to define an explicit lookup path. For example:

template '/test' do
  source ['#{node.chef_environment}.erb', 'default.erb']
end

The following example emulates the entire file specificity pattern by defining it as an explicit path:

template '/test' do
  source %W{
    host-#{node['fqdn']}/test.erb
    #{node['platform']}-#{node['platform_version']}/test.erb
    #{node['platform']}/test.erb
    default/test.erb
  }
end

A cookbook may have a /templates directory structure like this:

/templates/
  windows-6.2
  windows-6.1
  windows-6.0
  windows
  default

and a resource that looks something like the following:

template 'C:\path\to\file\text_file.txt' do
  source 'text_file.txt'
  mode '0755'
  owner 'root'
  group 'root'
end

This resource would be matched in the same order as the /templates directory structure. For a node named host-node-desktop that is running Windows 7, the second item would be the matching item and the location:

/templates
  windows-6.2/text_file.txt
  windows-6.1/text_file.txt
  windows-6.0/text_file.txt
  windows/text_file.txt
  default/text_file.txt

Host Notation

The naming of folders within cookbook directories must literally match the host notation used for template specificity matching. For example, if a host is named foo.example.com, then the folder must be named host-foo.example.com.

Transfer Frequency

The chef-client caches a template when it is first requested. On each subsequent request for that template, the chef-client compares that request to the template located on the Chef server. If the templates are the same, no transfer occurs.

Partial Templates

A template can be built in a way that allows it to contain references to one (or more) smaller template files. (These smaller template files are also referred to as partials.) A partial can be referenced from a template file in one of the following ways:

• By using the render method in the template file
• By using the template resource and the variables property.

variables Attribute

The variables property of the template resource can be used to reference a partial template file by using a Hash. For example:

template '/file/name.txt' do
  variables :partials => {
    'partial_name_1.txt.erb' => 'message',
    'partial_name_2.txt.erb' => 'message',
    'partial_name_3.txt.erb' => 'message'
  }
end

where each of the partial template files can then be combined using normal Ruby template patterns within a template file, such as:

<% @partials.each do |partial, message| %>
  Here is <%= partial %>
  <%= render partial, :variables => {:message => message} %>
<% end %>

render Method

Use the render method in a template to reference a partial template file:

<%= render "partial_name.txt.erb", :option => {} %>

where partial_name is the name of the partial template file and :option is one (or more) of the following:

Option	Description
:cookbook	By default, a partial template file is assumed to be located in the cookbook that contains the top-level template. Use this option to specify the path to a different cookbook
:local	Indicates that the name of the partial template file should be interpreted as a path to a file in the local file system or looked up in a cookbook using the normal rules for template files. Set to true to interpret as a path to a file in the local file system and to false to use the normal rules for template files
:source	By default, a partial template file is identified by its file name. Use this option to specify a different name or a local path to use (instead of the name of the partial template file)
:variables	A hash of variable_name => value that will be made available to the partial template file. When this option is used, any variables that are defined in the top-level template that are required by the partial template file must have them defined explicitly using this option

For example:

<%= render "simple.txt.erb", :variables => {:user => Etc.getlogin }, :local => true %>