package

Use the package resource to manage packages. When the package is installed from a local file (such as with RubyGems, dpkg, or RPM Package Manager), the file must be added to the node using the remote_file or cookbook_file resources.

This resource is the base resource for several other resources used for package management on specific platforms. While it is possible to use each of these specific resources, it is recommended to use the package resource as often as possible.

For more information about specific resources for specific platforms, see the following topics:

• apt_package
• chef_gem
• dpkg_package
• easy_install_package
• freebsd_package
• gem_package
• ips_package
• macports_package
• pacman_package
• portage_package
• rpm_package
• smartos_package
• solaris_package
• windows_package
• yum_package

Syntax

A package resource block manages a package on a node, typically by installing it. The simplest use of the package resource is:

package 'httpd'

which will install Apache using all of the default options and the default action (:install).

For a package that has different package names, depending on the platform, use a case statement within the package:

package 'Install Apache' do
  case node[:platform]
  when 'redhat', 'centos'
    package_name 'httpd'
  when 'ubuntu', 'debian'
    package_name 'apache2'
  end
end

where 'redhat', 'centos' will install Apache using the httpd package and 'ubuntu', 'debian' will install it using the apache2 package

The full syntax for all of the properties that are available to the package resource is:

package 'name' do
  allow_downgrade            TrueClass, FalseClass # Yum packages only
  arch                       String, Array # Yum packages only
  default_release            String # Apt packages only
  flush_cache                Array
  gem_binary                 String
  notifies                   # see description
  options                    String
  package_name               String, Array # defaults to 'name' if not specified
  provider                   Chef::Provider::Package
  response_file              String # Apt packages only
  response_file_variables    Hash # Apt packages only
  source                     String
  subscribes                 # see description
  timeout                    String, Integer
  version                    String, Array
  action                     Symbol # defaults to :install if not specified
end

where

• package tells the chef-client to manage a package; the chef-client will determine the correct package provider to use based on the platform running on the node
• 'name' is the name of the package
• :action identifies which steps the chef-client will take to bring the node into the desired state
• allow_downgrade, arch, default_release, flush_cache, gem_binary, options, package_name, provider, response_file, response_file_variables, source, recursive, timeout, and version are properties of this resource, with the Ruby type shown. See “Properties” section below for more information about all of the properties that may be used with this resource.

Gem Package Options

The RubyGems package provider attempts to use the RubyGems API to install gems without spawning a new process, whenever possible. A gems command to install will be spawned under the following conditions:

• When a gem_binary property is specified (as a hash, a string, or by a .gemrc file), the chef-client will run that command to examine its environment settings and then again to install the gem.
• When install options are specified as a string, the chef-client will span a gems command with those options when installing the gem.
• The omnibus installer will search the PATH for a gem command rather than defaulting to the current gem environment. As part of enforce_path_sanity, the bin directories area added to the PATH, which means when there are no other proceeding RubyGems, the installation will still be operated against it.

Specify with Hash

If an explicit gem_binary parameter is not being used with the gem_package resource, it is preferable to provide the install options as a hash. This approach allows the provider to install the gem without needing to spawn an external gem process.

The following RubyGems options are available for inclusion within a hash and are passed to the RubyGems DependencyInstaller:

• :env_shebang
• :force
• :format_executable
• :ignore_dependencies
• :prerelease
• :security_policy
• :wrappers

For more information about these options, see the RubyGems documentation: http://rubygems.rubyforge.org/rubygems-update/Gem/DependencyInstaller.html.

Example

gem_package 'bundler' do
  options(:prerelease => true, :format_executable => false)
end

Specify with String

When using an explicit gem_binary, options must be passed as a string. When not using an explicit gem_binary, the chef-client is forced to spawn a gems process to install the gems (which uses more system resources) when options are passed as a string. String options are passed verbatim to the gems command and should be specified just as if they were passed on a command line. For example, --prerelease for a pre-release gem.

Example

gem_package 'nokogiri' do
  gem_binary('/opt/ree/bin/gem')
  options('--prerelease --no-format-executable')
end

Specify with .gemrc File

Options can be specified in a .gemrc file. By default the gem_package resource will use the Ruby interface to install gems which will ignore the .gemrc file. The gem_package resource can be forced to use the gems command instead (and to read the .gemrc file) by adding the gem_binary attribute to a code block.

Example

A template named gemrc.erb is located in a cookbook’s /templates directory:

:sources:
- http://<%= node['gem_file']['host'] %>:<%= node['gem_file']['port'] %>/

A recipe can be built that does the following:

• Builds a .gemrc file based on a gemrc.erb template
• Runs a Gem.configuration command
• Installs a package using the .gemrc file

template '/root/.gemrc' do
  source 'gemrc.erb'
  action :create
  notifies :run, 'ruby_block[refresh_gemrc]', :immediately
end

ruby_block 'refresh_gemrc' do
  action :nothing
  block do
    Gem.configuration = Gem::ConfigFile.new []
  end
end

gem_package 'di-ruby-lvm' do
  gem_binary '/opt/chef/embedded/bin/gem'
  action :install
end

Actions

This resource has the following actions:

:install

Default. Install a package. If a version is specified, install the specified version of the package.

:nothing

Define this resource block to do nothing until notified by another resource to take action. When this resource is notified, this resource block is either run immediately or it is queued up to be run at the end of the chef-client run.

:purge

Purge a package. This action typically removes the configuration files as well as the package. (Debian platform only; for other platforms, use the :remove action.)

:reconfig

Reconfigure a package. This action requires a response file.

:remove

Remove a package.

:upgrade

Install a package and/or ensure that a package is the latest version.

Properties

This resource has the following properties:

allow_downgrade

Ruby Types: TrueClass, FalseClass

yum_package resource only. Downgrade a package to satisfy requested version requirements. Default value: false.

arch

Ruby Types: String, Array

yum_package resource only. The architecture of the package to be installed or upgraded. This value can also be passed as part of the package name.

default_release

Ruby Type: String

apt_package resource only. The default release. For example: stable.

flush_cache

Ruby Type: Array

yum_package resource only. Flush the in-memory cache before or after a Yum operation that installs, upgrades, or removes a package. Default value: { :before => false, :after => false }.

Note

The flush_cache property does not flush the local Yum cache! Use Yum tools—yum clean headers, yum clean packages, yum clean all—to clean the local Yum cache.

gem_binary

Ruby Type: String

A property for the gem_package provider that is used to specify a gems binary.

ignore_failure

Ruby Types: TrueClass, FalseClass

Continue running a recipe if a resource fails for any reason. Default value: false.

notifies

Ruby Type: Symbol, ‘Chef::Resource[String]’

A resource may notify another resource to take action when its state changes. Specify a 'resource[name]', the :action that resource should take, and then the :timer for that action. A resource may notifiy more than one resource; use a notifies statement for each resource to be notified.

A timer specifies the point during the chef-client run at which a notification is run. The following timers are available:

:delayed

Default. Specifies that a notification should be queued up, and then executed at the very end of the chef-client run.

:immediate, :immediately

Specifies that a notification should be run immediately, per resource notified.

The syntax for notifies is:

notifies :action, 'resource[name]', :timer

options

Ruby Type: String

One (or more) additional options that are passed to the command.

package_name

Ruby Types: String, Array

The name of the package. Default value: the name of the resource block See “Syntax” section above for more information.

provider

Ruby Type: Chef Class

Optional. Explicitly specifies a provider. See “Providers” section below for more information.

response_file

Ruby Type: String

apt_package and dpkg_package resources only. The direct path to the file used to pre-seed a package.

response_file_variables

Ruby Type: Hash

apt_package and dpkg_package resources only. A Hash of response file variables in the form of {"VARIABLE" => "VALUE"}.

retries

Ruby Type: Integer

The number of times to catch exceptions and retry the resource. Default value: 0.

retry_delay

Ruby Type: Integer

The retry delay (in seconds). Default value: 2.

source

Ruby Type: String

Optional. The path to a package in the local file system.

subscribes

Ruby Type: Symbol, ‘Chef::Resource[String]’

A resource may listen to another resource, and then take action if the state of the resource being listened to changes. Specify a 'resource[name]', the :action to be taken, and then the :timer for that action.

A timer specifies the point during the chef-client run at which a notification is run. The following timers are available:

:delayed

Default. Specifies that a notification should be queued up, and then executed at the very end of the chef-client run.

:immediate, :immediately

Specifies that a notification should be run immediately, per resource notified.

The syntax for subscribes is:

subscribes :action, 'resource[name]', :timer

timeout

Ruby Types: String, Integer

The amount of time (in seconds) to wait before timing out.

version

Ruby Types: String, Array

The version of a package to be installed or upgraded.

Providers

Where a resource represents a piece of the system (and its desired state), a provider defines the steps that are needed to bring that piece of the system from its current state into the desired state.

The chef-client will determine the correct provider based on configuration data collected by Ohai at the start of the chef-client run. This configuration data is then mapped to a platform and an associated list of providers.

Generally, it’s best to let the chef-client choose the provider, and this is (by far) the most common approach. However, in some cases, specifying a provider may be desirable. There are two approaches:

• Use a more specific short name—yum_package "foo" do instead of package "foo" do, script "foo" do instead of bash "foo" do, and so on—when available
• Use the provider property within the resource block to specify the long name of the provider as a property of a resource. For example: provider Chef::Provider::Long::Name

This resource has the following providers:

Chef::Provider::Package, package

When this short name is used, the chef-client will attempt to determine the correct provider during the chef-client run.

Chef::Provider::Package::Apt, apt_package

The provider for the Debian and Ubuntu platforms.

Chef::Provider::Package::Dpkg, dpkg_package

The provider for the dpkg platform. Can be used with the options attribute.

Chef::Provider::Package::EasyInstall, easy_install_package

The provider for Python.

Chef::Provider::Package::Freebsd, freebsd_package

The provider for the FreeBSD platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Ips, ips_package

The provider for the ips platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Macports, macports_package

The provider for the Mac OS X platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Pacman, pacman_package

The provider for the Arch Linux platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Portage, portage_package

The provider for the Gentoo platform. Can be used with the options attribute.

Chef::Provider::Package::Rpm, rpm_package

The provider for the RPM Package Manager platform. Can be used with the options attribute.

Chef::Provider::Package::Rubygems, gem_package

Can be used with the options attribute.

Warning

The gem_package resource must be specified as gem_package and cannot be shortened to package in a recipe.

Chef::Provider::Package::Rubygems, chef_gem

Can be used with the options attribute.

Chef::Provider::Package::Smartos, smartos_package

The provider for the SmartOS platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Solaris, solaris_package

The provider for the Solaris platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Windows, package

The provider for the Microsoft Windows platform.

Chef::Provider::Package::Yum, yum_package

The provider for the Yum package provider.

Chef::Provider::Package::Zypper, package

The provider for the openSUSE platform.

Examples

The following examples demonstrate various approaches for using resources in recipes. If you want to see examples of how Chef uses resources in recipes, take a closer look at the cookbooks that Chef authors and maintains: https://github.com/chef-cookbooks.

Install a gems file for use in recipes

chef_gem 'right_aws' do
  action :install
end

require 'right_aws'

Install a gems file from the local file system

gem_package 'right_aws' do
  source '/tmp/right_aws-1.11.0.gem'
  action :install
end

Install a package

package 'tar' do
  action :install
end

Install a package version

package 'tar' do
  version '1.16.1-1'
  action :install
end

Install a package with options

package 'debian-archive-keyring' do
  action :install
  options '--force-yes'
end

Install a package with a response_file

Use of a response_file is only supported on Debian and Ubuntu at this time. Custom resources must be written to support the use of a response_file, which contains debconf answers to questions normally asked by the package manager on installation. Put the file in /files/default of the cookbook where the package is specified and the chef-client will use the cookbook_file resource to retrieve it.

To install a package with a response_file:

package 'sun-java6-jdk' do
  response_file 'java.seed'
end

Install a package using a specific provider

package 'tar' do
  action :install
  source '/tmp/tar-1.16.1-1.rpm'
  provider Chef::Provider::Package::Rpm
end

Install a specified architecture using a named provider

yum_package 'glibc-devel' do
  arch 'i386'
end

Purge a package

package 'tar' do
  action :purge
end

Remove a package

package 'tar' do
  action :remove
end

Upgrade a package

package 'tar' do
  action :upgrade
end

Use the ignore_failure common attribute

gem_package 'syntax' do
  action :install
  ignore_failure true
end

Use the provider common attribute

package 'some_package' do
  provider Chef::Provider::Package::Rubygems
end

Avoid unnecessary string interpolation

Do this:

package 'mysql-server' do
  version node['mysql']['version']
  action :install
end

and not this:

package 'mysql-server' do
  version "#{node['mysql']['version']}"
  action :install
end

Install a package in a platform

The following example shows how to use the package resource to install an application named app and ensure that the correct packages are installed for the correct platform:

package 'app_name' do
  action :install
end

case node[:platform]
when 'ubuntu','debian'
  package 'app_name-doc' do
    action :install
  end
when 'centos'
  package 'app_name-html' do
    action :install
  end
end

Install sudo, then configure /etc/sudoers/ file

The following example shows how to install sudo and then configure the /etc/sudoers file:

#  the following code sample comes from the ``default`` recipe in the ``sudo`` cookbook: https://github.com/chef-cookbooks/sudo

package 'sudo' do
  action :install
end

if node['authorization']['sudo']['include_sudoers_d']
  directory '/etc/sudoers.d' do
    mode        '0755'
    owner       'root'
    group       'root'
    action      :create
  end

  cookbook_file '/etc/sudoers.d/README' do
    source      'README'
    mode        '0440'
    owner       'root'
    group       'root'
    action      :create
  end
end

template '/etc/sudoers' do
  source 'sudoers.erb'
  mode '0440'
  owner 'root'
  group platform?('freebsd') ? 'wheel' : 'root'
  variables(
    :sudoers_groups => node['authorization']['sudo']['groups'],
    :sudoers_users => node['authorization']['sudo']['users'],
    :passwordless => node['authorization']['sudo']['passwordless']
  )
end

where

• the package resource is used to install sudo
• the if statement is used to ensure availability of the /etc/sudoers.d directory
• the template resource tells the chef-client where to find the sudoers template
• the variables property is a hash that passes values to template files (that are located in the templates/ directory for the cookbook

Use a case statement to specify the platform

The following example shows how to use a case statement to tell the chef-client which platforms and packages to install using cURL.

package 'curl'
  case node[:platform]
  when 'redhat', 'centos'
    package 'package_1'
    package 'package_2'
    package 'package_3'
  when 'ubuntu', 'debian'
    package 'package_a'
    package 'package_b'
    package 'package_c'
  end
end

where node[:platform] for each node is identified by Ohai during every chef-client run. For example:

package 'curl'
  case node[:platform]
  when 'redhat', 'centos'
    package 'zlib-devel'
    package 'openssl-devel'
    package 'libc6-dev'
  when 'ubuntu', 'debian'
    package 'openssl'
    package 'pkg-config'
    package 'subversion'
  end
end

Use symbols to reference attributes

Symbols may be used to reference attributes:

package 'mysql-server' do
  version node[:mysql][:version]
  action :install
end

instead of strings:

package 'mysql-server' do
  version node['mysql']['version']
  action :install
end

Use a whitespace array to simplify a recipe

The following examples show different ways of doing the same thing. The first shows a series of packages that will be upgraded:

package 'package-a' do
  action :upgrade
end

package 'package-b' do
  action :upgrade
end

package 'package-c' do
  action :upgrade
end

package 'package-d' do
  action :upgrade
end

and the next uses a single package resource and a whitespace array (%w):

%w{package-a package-b package-c package-d}.each do |pkg|
  package pkg do
    action :upgrade
  end
end

where |pkg| is used to define the name of the resource, but also to ensure that each item in the whitespace array has its own name.