Class Area

public class Area
extends Object
implements Shape, Cloneable

An Area object stores and manipulates a resolution-independent description of an enclosed area of 2-dimensional space. Area objects can be transformed and can perform various Constructive Area Geometry (CAG) operations when combined with other Area objects. The CAG operations include area addition, subtraction, intersection, and exclusive or. See the linked method documentation for examples of the various operations.

The Area class implements the Shape interface and provides full support for all of its hit-testing and path iteration facilities, but an Area is more specific than a generalized path in a number of ways:

• Only closed paths and sub-paths are stored. Area objects constructed from unclosed paths are implicitly closed during construction as if those paths had been filled by the Graphics2D.fill method.
• The interiors of the individual stored sub-paths are all non-empty and non-overlapping. Paths are decomposed during construction into separate component non-overlapping parts, empty pieces of the path are discarded, and then these non-empty and non-overlapping properties are maintained through all subsequent CAG operations. Outlines of different component sub-paths may touch each other, as long as they do not cross so that their enclosed areas overlap.
• The geometry of the path describing the outline of the Area resembles the path from which it was constructed only in that it describes the same enclosed 2-dimensional area, but may use entirely different types and ordering of the path segments to do so.

Interesting issues which are not always obvious when using the Area include:

• Creating an Area from an unclosed (open) Shape results in a closed outline in the Area object.
• Creating an Area from a Shape which encloses no area (even when "closed") produces an empty Area. A common example of this issue is that producing an Area from a line will be empty since the line encloses no area. An empty Area will iterate no geometry in its PathIterator objects.
• A self-intersecting Shape may be split into two (or more) sub-paths each enclosing one of the non-intersecting portions of the original path.
• An Area may take more path segments to describe the same geometry even when the original outline is simple and obvious. The analysis that the Area class must perform on the path may not reflect the same concepts of "simple and obvious" as a human being perceives.

Constructors

Area

public Area()

Default constructor which creates an empty area.

Since:

1.2

Area

public Area(Shape s)

The Area class creates an area geometry from the specified Shape object. The geometry is explicitly closed, if the Shape is not already closed. The fill rule (even-odd or winding) specified by the geometry of the Shape is used to determine the resulting enclosed area.

Parameters:

s - the Shape from which the area is constructed

Throws:

NullPointerException - if s is null

Since:

1.2

Methods

add

public void add(Area rhs)

Adds the shape of the specified Area to the shape of this Area. The resulting shape of this Area will include the union of both shapes, or all areas that were contained in either this or the specified Area.

// Example:
     Area a1 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 0,8]);
     Area a2 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 8,8]);
     a1.add(a2);

        a1(before)     +         a2         =     a1(after)

     ################     ################     ################
     ##############         ##############     ################
     ############             ############     ################
     ##########                 ##########     ################
     ########                     ########     ################
     ######                         ######     ######    ######
     ####                             ####     ####        ####
     ##                                 ##     ##            ##

Parameters:

rhs - the Area to be added to the current shape

Throws:

NullPointerException - if rhs is null

Since:

1.2

subtract

public void subtract(Area rhs)

Subtracts the shape of the specified Area from the shape of this Area. The resulting shape of this Area will include areas that were contained only in this Area and not in the specified Area.

// Example:
     Area a1 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 0,8]);
     Area a2 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 8,8]);
     a1.subtract(a2);

        a1(before)     -         a2         =     a1(after)

     ################     ################
     ##############         ##############     ##
     ############             ############     ####
     ##########                 ##########     ######
     ########                     ########     ########
     ######                         ######     ######
     ####                             ####     ####
     ##                                 ##     ##

Parameters:

rhs - the Area to be subtracted from the current shape

Throws:

NullPointerException - if rhs is null

Since:

1.2

intersect

public void intersect(Area rhs)

Sets the shape of this Area to the intersection of its current shape and the shape of the specified Area. The resulting shape of this Area will include only areas that were contained in both this Area and also in the specified Area.

// Example:
     Area a1 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 0,8]);
     Area a2 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 8,8]);
     a1.intersect(a2);

      a1(before)   intersect     a2         =     a1(after)

     ################     ################     ################
     ##############         ##############       ############
     ############             ############         ########
     ##########                 ##########           ####
     ########                     ########
     ######                         ######
     ####                             ####
     ##                                 ##

Parameters:

rhs - the Area to be intersected with this Area

Throws:

NullPointerException - if rhs is null

Since:

1.2

exclusiveOr

public void exclusiveOr(Area rhs)

Sets the shape of this Area to be the combined area of its current shape and the shape of the specified Area, minus their intersection. The resulting shape of this Area will include only areas that were contained in either this Area or in the specified Area, but not in both.

// Example:
     Area a1 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 0,8]);
     Area a2 = new Area([triangle 0,0 => 8,0 => 8,8]);
     a1.exclusiveOr(a2);

        a1(before)    xor        a2         =     a1(after)

     ################     ################
     ##############         ##############     ##            ##
     ############             ############     ####        ####
     ##########                 ##########     ######    ######
     ########                     ########     ################
     ######                         ######     ######    ######
     ####                             ####     ####        ####
     ##                                 ##     ##            ##

Parameters:

rhs - the Area to be exclusive ORed with this Area.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if rhs is null

Since:

1.2

reset

public void reset()

Removes all of the geometry from this Area and restores it to an empty area.

Since:

1.2

isEmpty

public boolean isEmpty()

Tests whether this Area object encloses any area.

Returns:

true if this Area object represents an empty area; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

isPolygonal

public boolean isPolygonal()

Tests whether this Area consists entirely of straight edged polygonal geometry.

Returns:

true if the geometry of this Area consists entirely of line segments; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

isRectangular

public boolean isRectangular()

Tests whether this Area is rectangular in shape.

Returns:

true if the geometry of this Area is rectangular in shape; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

isSingular

public boolean isSingular()

Tests whether this Area is comprised of a single closed subpath. This method returns true if the path contains 0 or 1 subpaths, or false if the path contains more than 1 subpath. The subpaths are counted by the number of SEG_MOVETO segments that appear in the path.

Returns:

true if the Area is comprised of a single basic geometry; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

getBounds2D

public Rectangle2D getBounds2D()

Specified by:

getBounds2D in interface Shape

Returns:

the bounding Rectangle2D for the Area.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Shape.getBounds()

getBounds

public Rectangle getBounds()

Specified by:

getBounds in interface Shape

Returns:

the bounding Rectangle for the Area.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Shape.getBounds2D()

clone

public Object clone()

Returns an exact copy of this Area object.

Overrides:

clone in class Object

Returns:

Created clone object

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Cloneable

equals

public boolean equals(Area other)

Tests whether the geometries of the two Area objects are equal. This method will return false if the argument is null.

Parameters:

other - the Area to be compared to this Area

Returns:

true if the two geometries are equal; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

transform

public void transform(AffineTransform t)

Transforms the geometry of this Area using the specified AffineTransform. The geometry is transformed in place, which permanently changes the enclosed area defined by this object.

Parameters:

t - the transformation used to transform the area

Throws:

NullPointerException - if t is null

Since:

1.2

createTransformedArea

public Area createTransformedArea(AffineTransform t)

Creates a new Area object that contains the same geometry as this Area transformed by the specified AffineTransform. This Area object is unchanged.

Parameters:

t - the specified AffineTransform used to transform the new Area

Returns:

a new Area object representing the transformed geometry.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if t is null

Since:

1.2

contains

public boolean contains(double x,
                        double y)

Tests if the specified coordinates are inside the boundary of the Shape, as described by the definition of insideness.

Specified by:

contains in interface Shape

Parameters:

x - the specified X coordinate to be tested

y - the specified Y coordinate to be tested

Returns:

true if the specified coordinates are inside the Shape boundary; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

contains

public boolean contains(Point2D p)

Tests if a specified Point2D is inside the boundary of the Shape, as described by the definition of insideness.

Specified by:

contains in interface Shape

Parameters:

p - the specified Point2D to be tested

Returns:

true if the specified Point2D is inside the boundary of the Shape; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

contains

public boolean contains(double x,
                        double y,
                        double w,
                        double h)

Specified by:

contains in interface Shape

Parameters:

x - the X coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangular area

y - the Y coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangular area

w - the width of the specified rectangular area

h - the height of the specified rectangular area

Returns:

true if the interior of the Shape entirely contains the specified rectangular area; false otherwise or, if the Shape contains the rectangular area and the intersects method returns true and the containment calculations would be too expensive to perform.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Area, Shape.intersects(double, double, double, double)

contains

public boolean contains(Rectangle2D r)

Tests if the interior of the Shape entirely contains the specified Rectangle2D. The Shape.contains() method allows a Shape implementation to conservatively return false when:

• the intersect method returns true and
• the calculations to determine whether or not the Shape entirely contains the Rectangle2D are prohibitively expensive.

This means that for some Shapes this method might return false even though the Shape contains the Rectangle2D. The Area class performs more accurate geometric computations than most Shape objects and therefore can be used if a more precise answer is required.

Specified by:

contains in interface Shape

Parameters:

r - The specified Rectangle2D

Returns:

true if the interior of the Shape entirely contains the Rectangle2D; false otherwise or, if the Shape contains the Rectangle2D and the intersects method returns true and the containment calculations would be too expensive to perform.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Shape.contains(double, double, double, double)

intersects

public boolean intersects(double x,
                          double y,
                          double w,
                          double h)

Specified by:

intersects in interface Shape

Parameters:

x - the X coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangular area

y - the Y coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangular area

w - the width of the specified rectangular area

h - the height of the specified rectangular area

Returns:

true if the interior of the Shape and the interior of the rectangular area intersect, or are both highly likely to intersect and intersection calculations would be too expensive to perform; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Area

intersects

public boolean intersects(Rectangle2D r)

Tests if the interior of the Shape intersects the interior of a specified Rectangle2D. The Shape.intersects() method allows a Shape implementation to conservatively return true when:

• there is a high probability that the Rectangle2D and the Shape intersect, but
• the calculations to accurately determine this intersection are prohibitively expensive.

This means that for some Shapes this method might return true even though the Rectangle2D does not intersect the Shape. The Area class performs more accurate computations of geometric intersection than most Shape objects and therefore can be used if a more precise answer is required.

Specified by:

intersects in interface Shape

Parameters:

r - the specified Rectangle2D

Returns:

true if the interior of the Shape and the interior of the specified Rectangle2D intersect, or are both highly likely to intersect and intersection calculations would be too expensive to perform; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Shape.intersects(double, double, double, double)

getPathIterator

public PathIterator getPathIterator(AffineTransform at)

Creates a PathIterator for the outline of this Area object. This Area object is unchanged.

Specified by:

getPathIterator in interface Shape

Parameters:

at - an optional AffineTransform to be applied to the coordinates as they are returned in the iteration, or null if untransformed coordinates are desired

Returns:

the PathIterator object that returns the geometry of the outline of this Area, one segment at a time.

Since:

1.2

getPathIterator

public PathIterator getPathIterator(AffineTransform at,
                                    double flatness)

Creates a PathIterator for the flattened outline of this Area object. Only uncurved path segments represented by the SEG_MOVETO, SEG_LINETO, and SEG_CLOSE point types are returned by the iterator. This Area object is unchanged.

Specified by:

getPathIterator in interface Shape

Parameters:

at - an optional AffineTransform to be applied to the coordinates as they are returned in the iteration, or null if untransformed coordinates are desired

flatness - the maximum amount that the control points for a given curve can vary from colinear before a subdivided curve is replaced by a straight line connecting the end points

Returns:

the PathIterator object that returns the geometry of the outline of this Area, one segment at a time.

Since:

1.2