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  4. 10. gcov

10 gcov—a Test Coverage Program

gcov is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to test code coverage in your programs.

• Gcov Intro: Introduction to gcov.
• Invoking Gcov: How to use gcov.
• Gcov and Optimization: Using gcov with GCC optimization.
• Gcov Data Files: The files used by gcov.
• Cross-profiling: Data file relocation.

© Free Software Foundation
Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3.
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-8.3.0/gcc/Gcov.html

1. Programming Languages Supported by GCC
1. Programming Languages Supported by GCC
2. Language Standards Supported by GCC
2. Language Standards Supported by GCC
3. GCC Command Options
3. GCC Command Options
3.1. Option Summary
3.10. Options That Control Optimization
3.11. Program Instrumentation Options
3.12. Options Controlling the Preprocessor
3.13. Passing Options to the Assembler
3.14. Options for Linking
3.15. Options for Directory Search
3.16. Options for Code Generation Conventions
3.17. GCC Developer Options
3.18. Machine-Dependent Options
3.18.1. AArch64 Options
3.18.10. Darwin Options
3.18.11. DEC Alpha Options
3.18.12. FR30 Options
3.18.13. FT32 Options
3.18.14. FRV Options
3.18.15. GNU/Linux Options
3.18.16. H8/300 Options
3.18.17. HPPA Options
3.18.18. IA-64 Options
3.18.19. LM32 Options
3.18.2. Adapteva Epiphany Options
3.18.20. M32C Options
3.18.21. M32R/D Options
3.18.22. M680x0 Options
3.18.23. MCore Options
3.18.24. MeP Options
3.18.25. MicroBlaze Options
3.18.26. MIPS Options
3.18.27. MMIX Options
3.18.28. MN10300 Options
3.18.29. Moxie Options
3.18.3. ARC Options
3.18.30. MSP430 Options
3.18.31. NDS32 Options
3.18.32. Nios II Options
3.18.33. Nvidia PTX Options
3.18.34. PDP-11 Options
3.18.35. picoChip Options
3.18.36. PowerPC Options
3.18.37. PowerPC SPE Options
3.18.38. RISC-V Options
3.18.39. RL78 Options
3.18.4. ARM Options
3.18.40. IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
3.18.41. RX Options
3.18.42. S/390 and zSeries Options
3.18.43. Score Options
3.18.44. SH Options
3.18.45. Solaris 2 Options
3.18.46. SPARC Options
3.18.47. SPU Options
3.18.48. Options for System V
3.18.49. TILE-Gx Options
3.18.5. AVR Options
3.18.50. TILEPro Options
3.18.51. V850 Options
3.18.52. VAX Options
3.18.53. Visium Options
3.18.54. VMS Options
3.18.55. VxWorks Options
3.18.56. x86 Options
3.18.57. x86 Windows Options
3.18.58. Xstormy16 Options
3.18.59. Xtensa Options
3.18.6. Blackfin Options
3.18.60. zSeries Options
3.18.7. C6X Options
3.18.8. CRIS Options
3.18.9. CR16 Options
3.19. Specifying Subprocesses and the Switches to Pass to Them
3.2. Options Controlling the Kind of Output
3.20. Environment Variables Affecting GCC
3.21. Using Precompiled Headers
3.3. Compiling C++ Programs
3.4. Options Controlling C Dialect
3.5. Options Controlling C++ Dialect
3.6. Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects
3.7. Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
3.8. Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
3.9. Options for Debugging Your Program
4. C Implementation-Defined Behavior
4. C Implementation-Defined Behavior
4.1. Translation
4.10. Qualifiers
4.11. Declarators
4.12. Statements
4.13. Preprocessing Directives
4.14. Library Functions
4.15. Architecture
4.16. Locale-Specific Behavior
4.2. Environment
4.3. Identifiers
4.4. Characters
4.5. Integers
4.6. Floating Point
4.7. Arrays and Pointers
4.8. Hints
4.9. Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and Bit-Fields
5. C++ Implementation-Defined Behavior
5. C++ Implementation-Defined Behavior
5.1. Conditionally-Supported Behavior
5.2. Exception Handling
6. Extensions to the C Language Family
6. Extensions to the C Language Family
6.1. Statements and Declarations in Expressions
6.10. Complex Numbers
6.11. Additional Floating Types
6.12. Half-Precision Floating Point
6.13. Decimal Floating Types
6.14. Hex Floats
6.15. Fixed-Point Types
6.16. Named Address Spaces
6.17. Arrays of Length Zero
6.18. Structures with No Members
6.19. Arrays of Variable Length
6.2. Locally Declared Labels
6.20. Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments.
6.21. Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines
6.22. Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts
6.23. Arithmetic on void- and Function-Pointers
6.24. Pointers to Arrays with Qualifiers Work as Expected
6.25. Non-Constant Initializers
6.26. Compound Literals
6.27. Designated Initializers
6.28. Case Ranges
6.29. Cast to a Union Type
6.3. Labels as Values
6.30. Mixed Declarations and Code
6.31. Declaring Attributes of Functions
6.31.1. Common Function Attributes
6.31.10. IA-64 Function Attributes
6.31.11. M32C Function Attributes
6.31.12. M32R/D Function Attributes
6.31.13. m68k Function Attributes
6.31.14. MCORE Function Attributes
6.31.15. MeP Function Attributes
6.31.16. MicroBlaze Function Attributes
6.31.17. Microsoft Windows Function Attributes
6.31.18. MIPS Function Attributes
6.31.19. MSP430 Function Attributes
6.31.2. AArch64 Function Attributes
6.31.20. NDS32 Function Attributes
6.31.21. Nios II Function Attributes
6.31.22. Nvidia PTX Function Attributes
6.31.23. PowerPC Function Attributes
6.31.24. RISC-V Function Attributes
6.31.25. RL78 Function Attributes
6.31.26. RX Function Attributes
6.31.27. S/390 Function Attributes
6.31.28. SH Function Attributes
6.31.29. SPU Function Attributes
6.31.3. ARC Function Attributes
6.31.30. Symbian OS Function Attributes
6.31.31. V850 Function Attributes
6.31.32. Visium Function Attributes
6.31.33. x86 Function Attributes
6.31.34. Xstormy16 Function Attributes
6.31.4. ARM Function Attributes
6.31.5. AVR Function Attributes
6.31.6. Blackfin Function Attributes
6.31.7. CR16 Function Attributes
6.31.8. Epiphany Function Attributes
6.31.9. H8/300 Function Attributes
6.32. Specifying Attributes of Variables
6.32.1. Common Variable Attributes
6.32.10. MSP430 Variable Attributes
6.32.11. Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes
6.32.12. PowerPC Variable Attributes
6.32.13. RL78 Variable Attributes
6.32.14. SPU Variable Attributes
6.32.15. V850 Variable Attributes
6.32.17. Xstormy16 Variable Attributes
6.32.2. ARC Variable Attributes
6.32.4. Blackfin Variable Attributes
6.32.5. H8/300 Variable Attributes
6.32.6. IA-64 Variable Attributes
6.32.7. M32R/D Variable Attributes
6.32.8. MeP Variable Attributes
6.32.9. Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes
6.33. Specifying Attributes of Types
6.33.1. Common Type Attributes
6.33.2. ARC Type Attributes
6.33.3. ARM Type Attributes
6.33.4. MeP Type Attributes
6.34. Label Attributes
6.35. Enumerator Attributes
6.36. Statement Attributes
6.37. Attribute Syntax
6.38. Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions
6.39. C++ Style Comments
6.4. Nested Functions
6.40. Dollar Signs in Identifier Names
6.41. The Character ESC in Constants
6.42. Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables
6.43. An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro
6.44. When is a Volatile Object Accessed?
6.45. How to Use Inline Assembly Language in C Code
6.45.1. Basic Asm
6.45.2. Extended Asm - Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands
6.45.3. Constraints for asm Operands
6.45.3.1. Simple Constraints
6.45.3.2. Multiple Alternative Constraints
6.45.3.3. Constraint Modifier Characters
6.45.3.4. Constraints for Particular Machines
6.45.4. Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code
6.45.5. Variables in Specified Registers
6.45.5.1. Defining Global Register Variables
6.45.5.2. Specifying Registers for Local Variables
6.45.6. Size of an asm
6.46. Alternate Keywords
6.47. Incomplete enum Types
6.48. Function Names as Strings
6.49. Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function
6.5. Constructing Function Calls
6.50. Using Vector Instructions through Built-in Functions
6.51. Support for offsetof
6.52. Legacy __sync Built-in Functions for Atomic Memory Access
6.53. Built-in Functions for Memory Model Aware Atomic Operations
6.54. Built-in Functions to Perform Arithmetic with Overflow Checking
6.55. x86-Specific Memory Model Extensions for Transactional Memory
6.56. Object Size Checking Built-in Functions
6.57. Pointer Bounds Checker Built-in Functions
6.58. Other Built-in Functions Provided by GCC
6.59. Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines
6.59.1. AArch64 Built-in Functions
6.59.10. AVR Built-in Functions
6.59.11. Blackfin Built-in Functions
6.59.12. FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.1. Argument Types
6.59.12.2. Directly-Mapped Integer Functions
6.59.12.3. Directly-Mapped Media Functions
6.59.12.4. Raw Read/Write Functions
6.59.12.5. Other Built-in Functions
6.59.13. MIPS DSP Built-in Functions
6.59.14. MIPS Paired-Single Support
6.59.15. MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
6.59.15.1. Paired-Single Arithmetic
6.59.15.2. Paired-Single Built-in Functions
6.59.15.3. MIPS-3D Built-in Functions
6.59.16. MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support
6.59.16.1. MIPS SIMD Architecture Built-in Functions
6.59.17. Other MIPS Built-in Functions
6.59.18. MSP430 Built-in Functions
6.59.19. NDS32 Built-in Functions
6.59.2. Alpha Built-in Functions
6.59.20. picoChip Built-in Functions
6.59.21. PowerPC Built-in Functions
6.59.22. PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions
6.59.23. PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions
6.59.24. PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions
6.59.25. RX Built-in Functions
6.59.26. S/390 System z Built-in Functions
6.59.27. SH Built-in Functions
6.59.28. SPARC VIS Built-in Functions
6.59.29. SPU Built-in Functions
6.59.3. Altera Nios II Built-in Functions
6.59.30. TI C6X Built-in Functions
6.59.31. TILE-Gx Built-in Functions
6.59.32. TILEPro Built-in Functions
6.59.33. x86 Built-in Functions
6.59.34. x86 Transactional Memory Intrinsics
6.59.35. x86 Control-Flow Protection Intrinsics
6.59.4. ARC Built-in Functions
6.59.5. ARC SIMD Built-in Functions
6.59.6. ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions
6.59.7. ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE)
6.59.8. ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics
6.59.9. ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions
6.6. Referring to a Type with typeof
6.60. Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines
6.60.1. Solaris Format Checks
6.60.2. Darwin Format Checks
6.61. Pragmas Accepted by GCC
6.61.1. AArch64 Pragmas
6.61.10. Structure-Layout Pragmas
6.61.11. Weak Pragmas
6.61.12. Diagnostic Pragmas
6.61.13. Visibility Pragmas
6.61.14. Push/Pop Macro Pragmas
6.61.15. Function Specific Option Pragmas
6.61.16. Loop-Specific Pragmas
6.61.2. ARM Pragmas
6.61.3. M32C Pragmas
6.61.4. MeP Pragmas
6.61.5. RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas
6.61.6. S/390 Pragmas
6.61.7. Darwin Pragmas
6.61.8. Solaris Pragmas
6.61.9. Symbol-Renaming Pragmas
6.62. Unnamed Structure and Union Fields
6.63. Thread-Local Storage
6.63.1. ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
6.63.2. ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
6.64. Binary Constants using the ‘0b’ Prefix
6.7. Conditionals with Omitted Operands
6.8. 128-bit Integers
6.9. Double-Word Integers
7. Extensions to the C++ Language
7. Extensions to the C++ Language
7.1. When is a Volatile C++ Object Accessed?
7.10. C++ Concepts
7.11. Deprecated Features
7.12. Backwards Compatibility
7.2. Restricting Pointer Aliasing
7.3. Vague Linkage
7.4. C++ Interface and Implementation Pragmas
7.5. Where’s the Template?
7.6. Extracting the Function Pointer from a Bound Pointer to Member Function
7.7. C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes
7.8. Function Multiversioning
7.9. Type Traits
8. GNU Objective-C Features
8. GNU Objective-C Features
8.1. GNU Objective-C Runtime API
8.1.1. Modern GNU Objective-C Runtime API
8.1.2. Traditional GNU Objective-C Runtime API
8.10. Messaging with the GNU Objective-C Runtime
8.10.1. Dynamically Registering Methods
8.10.2. Forwarding Hook
8.2. +load: Executing Code before main
8.2.1. What You Can and Cannot Do in +load
8.3. Type Encoding
8.3.1. Legacy Type Encoding
8.3.2. @encode
8.3.3. Method Signatures
8.4. Garbage Collection
8.5. Constant String Objects
8.6. compatibility_alias
8.7. Exceptions
8.8. Synchronization
8.9. Fast Enumeration
8.9.1. Using Fast Enumeration
8.9.2. C99-Like Fast Enumeration Syntax
8.9.3. Fast Enumeration Details
8.9.4. Fast Enumeration Protocol
9. Binary Compatibility
9. Binary Compatibility
10. gcov
10. gcov
10.1. Introduction to gcov
10.2. Invoking gcov
10.3. Using gcov with GCC Optimization
10.4. Brief Description of gcov Data Files
10.5. Data File Relocation to Support Cross-Profiling
11. gcov-tool
11. gcov-tool
11.1. Introduction to gcov-tool
11.2. Invoking gcov-tool
12. gcov-dump
12. gcov-dump
12.1. Introduction to gcov-dump
12.2. Invoking gcov-dump
13. Known Causes of Trouble
13. Known Causes of Trouble with GCC
13.1. Actual Bugs We Haven’t Fixed Yet
13.2. Interoperation
13.3. Incompatibilities of GCC
13.4. Fixed Header Files
13.5. Standard Libraries
13.6. Disappointments and Misunderstandings
13.7. Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
13.7.1. Declare and Define Static Members
13.7.2. Name Lookup, Templates, and Accessing Members of Base Classes
13.7.3. Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect
13.7.4. Implicit Copy-Assignment for Virtual Bases
13.8. Certain Changes We Don’t Want to Make
13.9. Warning Messages and Error Messages
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