6.47.1 Basic Asm — Assembler Instructions Without Operands

A basic asm statement has the following syntax:

asm asm-qualifiers ( AssemblerInstructions )

The asm keyword is a GNU extension. When writing code that can be compiled with -ansi and the various -std options, use __asm__ instead of asm (see Alternate Keywords).

Qualifiers

volatile

The optional volatile qualifier has no effect. All basic asm blocks are implicitly volatile.

inline

If you use the inline qualifier, then for inlining purposes the size of the asm statement is taken as the smallest size possible (see Size of an asm).

Parameters

AssemblerInstructions

This is a literal string that specifies the assembler code. The string can contain any instructions recognized by the assembler, including directives. GCC does not parse the assembler instructions themselves and does not know what they mean or even whether they are valid assembler input.

You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single asm string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly code for the system. A combination that works in most places is a newline to break the line, plus a tab character (written as ‘\n\t’). Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line separator. However, note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to start a comment.

Remarks

Using extended asm (see Extended Asm) typically produces smaller, safer, and more efficient code, and in most cases it is a better solution than basic asm. However, there are two situations where only basic asm can be used:

• Extended asm statements have to be inside a C function, so to write inline assembly language at file scope (“top-level”), outside of C functions, you must use basic asm. You can use this technique to emit assembler directives, define assembly language macros that can be invoked elsewhere in the file, or write entire functions in assembly language. Basic asm statements outside of functions may not use any qualifiers.
• Functions declared with the naked attribute also require basic asm (see Function Attributes).

Safely accessing C data and calling functions from basic asm is more complex than it may appear. To access C data, it is better to use extended asm.

Do not expect a sequence of asm statements to remain perfectly consecutive after compilation. If certain instructions need to remain consecutive in the output, put them in a single multi-instruction asm statement. Note that GCC’s optimizers can move asm statements relative to other code, including across jumps.

asm statements may not perform jumps into other asm statements. GCC does not know about these jumps, and therefore cannot take account of them when deciding how to optimize. Jumps from asm to C labels are only supported in extended asm.

Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your assembly code defines symbols or labels.

Warning: The C standards do not specify semantics for asm, making it a potential source of incompatibilities between compilers. These incompatibilities may not produce compiler warnings/errors.

GCC does not parse basic asm’s AssemblerInstructions, which means there is no way to communicate to the compiler what is happening inside them. GCC has no visibility of symbols in the asm and may discard them as unreferenced. It also does not know about side effects of the assembler code, such as modifications to memory or registers. Unlike some compilers, GCC assumes that no changes to general purpose registers occur. This assumption may change in a future release.

To avoid complications from future changes to the semantics and the compatibility issues between compilers, consider replacing basic asm with extended asm. See How to convert from basic asm to extended asm for information about how to perform this conversion.

The compiler copies the assembler instructions in a basic asm verbatim to the assembly language output file, without processing dialects or any of the ‘%’ operators that are available with extended asm. This results in minor differences between basic asm strings and extended asm templates. For example, to refer to registers you might use ‘%eax’ in basic asm and ‘%%eax’ in extended asm.

On targets such as x86 that support multiple assembler dialects, all basic asm blocks use the assembler dialect specified by the -masm command-line option (see x86 Options). Basic asm provides no mechanism to provide different assembler strings for different dialects.

For basic asm with non-empty assembler string GCC assumes the assembler block does not change any general purpose registers, but it may read or write any globally accessible variable.

Here is an example of basic asm for i386:

/* Note that this code will not compile with -masm=intel */
#define DebugBreak() asm("int $3")

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