docker service create

Description

Create a new service

API 1.24+ The client and daemon API must both be at least 1.24 to use this command. Use the docker version command on the client to check your client and daemon API versions.

Usage

docker service create [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

Options

Parent command

Related commands

Extended description

Creates a service as described by the specified parameters. You must run this command on a manager node.

Examples

Create a service

$ docker service create --name redis redis:3.0.6

dmu1ept4cxcfe8k8lhtux3ro3

$ docker service create --mode global --name redis2 redis:3.0.6

a8q9dasaafudfs8q8w32udass

$ docker service ls

ID            NAME    MODE        REPLICAS  IMAGE
dmu1ept4cxcf  redis   replicated  1/1       redis:3.0.6
a8q9dasaafud  redis2  global      1/1       redis:3.0.6

Create a service with 5 replica tasks (–replicas)

Use the --replicas flag to set the number of replica tasks for a replicated service. The following command creates a redis service with 5 replica tasks:

$ docker service create --name redis --replicas=5 redis:3.0.6

4cdgfyky7ozwh3htjfw0d12qv

The above command sets the desired number of tasks for the service. Even though the command returns immediately, actual scaling of the service may take some time. The REPLICAS column shows both the actual and desired number of replica tasks for the service.

In the following example the desired state is 5 replicas, but the current number of RUNNING tasks is 3:

$ docker service ls

ID            NAME   MODE        REPLICAS  IMAGE
4cdgfyky7ozw  redis  replicated  3/5       redis:3.0.7

Once all the tasks are created and RUNNING, the actual number of tasks is equal to the desired number:

$ docker service ls

ID            NAME   MODE        REPLICAS  IMAGE
4cdgfyky7ozw  redis  replicated  5/5       redis:3.0.7

Create a service with secrets

Use the --secret flag to give a container access to a secret.

Create a service specifying a secret:

$ docker service create --name redis --secret secret.json redis:3.0.6

4cdgfyky7ozwh3htjfw0d12qv

Create a service specifying the secret, target, user/group ID, and mode:

$ docker service create --name redis \
    --secret source=ssh-key,target=ssh \
    --secret source=app-key,target=app,uid=1000,gid=1001,mode=0400 \
    redis:3.0.6

4cdgfyky7ozwh3htjfw0d12qv

To grant a service access to multiple secrets, use multiple --secret flags.

Secrets are located in /run/secrets in the container. If no target is specified, the name of the secret will be used as the in memory file in the container. If a target is specified, that will be the filename. In the example above, two files will be created: /run/secrets/ssh and /run/secrets/app for each of the secret targets specified.

Create a service with a rolling update policy

$ docker service create \
  --replicas 10 \
  --name redis \
  --update-delay 10s \
  --update-parallelism 2 \
  redis:3.0.6

When you run a service update, the scheduler updates a maximum of 2 tasks at a time, with 10s between updates. For more information, refer to the rolling updates tutorial.

Set environment variables (-e, –env)

This sets an environmental variable for all tasks in a service. For example:

$ docker service create \
  --name redis_2 \
  --replicas 5 \
  --env MYVAR=foo \
  redis:3.0.6

To specify multiple environment variables, specify multiple --env flags, each with a separate key-value pair.

$ docker service create \
  --name redis_2 \
  --replicas 5 \
  --env MYVAR=foo \
  --env MYVAR2=bar \
  redis:3.0.6

Create a service with specific hostname (–hostname)

This option sets the docker service containers hostname to a specific string. For example:

$ docker service create --name redis --hostname myredis redis:3.0.6

Set metadata on a service (-l, –label)

A label is a key=value pair that applies metadata to a service. To label a service with two labels:

$ docker service create \
  --name redis_2 \
  --label com.example.foo="bar"
  --label bar=baz \
  redis:3.0.6

For more information about labels, refer to apply custom metadata.

Add bind mounts, volumes or memory filesystems

Docker supports three different kinds of mounts, which allow containers to read from or write to files or directories, either on the host operating system, or on memory filesystems. These types are data volumes (often referred to simply as volumes), bind mounts, and tmpfs.

A bind mount makes a file or directory on the host available to the container it is mounted within. A bind mount may be either read-only or read-write. For example, a container might share its host’s DNS information by means of a bind mount of the host’s /etc/resolv.conf or a container might write logs to its host’s /var/log/myContainerLogs directory. If you use bind mounts and your host and containers have different notions of permissions, access controls, or other such details, you will run into portability issues.

A named volume is a mechanism for decoupling persistent data needed by your container from the image used to create the container and from the host machine. Named volumes are created and managed by Docker, and a named volume persists even when no container is currently using it. Data in named volumes can be shared between a container and the host machine, as well as between multiple containers. Docker uses a volume driver to create, manage, and mount volumes. You can back up or restore volumes using Docker commands.

A tmpfs mounts a tmpfs inside a container for volatile data.

Consider a situation where your image starts a lightweight web server. You could use that image as a base image, copy in your website’s HTML files, and package that into another image. Each time your website changed, you’d need to update the new image and redeploy all of the containers serving your website. A better solution is to store the website in a named volume which is attached to each of your web server containers when they start. To update the website, you just update the named volume.

For more information about named volumes, see Data Volumes.

The following table describes options which apply to both bind mounts and named volumes in a service:

Bind Propagation

Bind propagation refers to whether or not mounts created within a given bind mount or named volume can be propagated to replicas of that mount. Consider a mount point /mnt, which is also mounted on /tmp. The propation settings control whether a mount on /tmp/a would also be available on /mnt/a. Each propagation setting has a recursive counterpoint. In the case of recursion, consider that /tmp/a is also mounted as /foo. The propagation settings control whether /mnt/a and/or /tmp/a would exist.

The bind-propagation option defaults to rprivate for both bind mounts and volume mounts, and is only configurable for bind mounts. In other words, named volumes do not support bind propagation.

• shared: Sub-mounts of the original mount are exposed to replica mounts, and sub-mounts of replica mounts are also propagated to the original mount.
• slave: similar to a shared mount, but only in one direction. If the original mount exposes a sub-mount, the replica mount can see it. However, if the replica mount exposes a sub-mount, the original mount cannot see it.
• private: The mount is private. Sub-mounts within it are not exposed to replica mounts, and sub-mounts of replica mounts are not exposed to the original mount.
• rshared: The same as shared, but the propagation also extends to and from mount points nested within any of the original or replica mount points.
• rslave: The same as slave, but the propagation also extends to and from mount points nested within any of the original or replica mount points.
• rprivate: The default. The same as private, meaning that no mount points anywhere within the original or replica mount points propagate in either direction.

For more information about bind propagation, see the Linux kernel documentation for shared subtree.

Options for Named Volumes

The following options can only be used for named volumes (type=volume):

Options for tmpfs

The following options can only be used for tmpfs mounts (type=tmpfs);

Differences between “–mount” and “–volume”

The --mount flag supports most options that are supported by the -v or --volume flag for docker run, with some important exceptions:

• The --mount flag allows you to specify a volume driver and volume driver options per volume, without creating the volumes in advance. In contrast, docker run allows you to specify a single volume driver which is shared by all volumes, using the --volume-driver flag.

• The --mount flag allows you to specify custom metadata (“labels”) for a volume, before the volume is created.

• When you use --mount with type=bind, the host-path must refer to an existing path on the host. The path will not be created for you and the service will fail with an error if the path does not exist.

• The --mount flag does not allow you to relabel a volume with Z or z flags, which are used for selinux labeling.

Create a service using a named volume

The following example creates a service that uses a named volume:

$ docker service create \
  --name my-service \
  --replicas 3 \
  --mount type=volume,source=my-volume,destination=/path/in/container,volume-label="color=red",volume-label="shape=round" \
  nginx:alpine

For each replica of the service, the engine requests a volume named “my-volume” from the default (“local”) volume driver where the task is deployed. If the volume does not exist, the engine creates a new volume and applies the “color” and “shape” labels.

When the task is started, the volume is mounted on /path/in/container/ inside the container.

Be aware that the default (“local”) volume is a locally scoped volume driver. This means that depending on where a task is deployed, either that task gets a new volume named “my-volume”, or shares the same “my-volume” with other tasks of the same service. Multiple containers writing to a single shared volume can cause data corruption if the software running inside the container is not designed to handle concurrent processes writing to the same location. Also take into account that containers can be re-scheduled by the Swarm orchestrator and be deployed on a different node.

Create a service that uses an anonymous volume

The following command creates a service with three replicas with an anonymous volume on /path/in/container:

$ docker service create \
  --name my-service \
  --replicas 3 \
  --mount type=volume,destination=/path/in/container \
  nginx:alpine

In this example, no name (source) is specified for the volume, so a new volume is created for each task. This guarantees that each task gets its own volume, and volumes are not shared between tasks. Anonymous volumes are removed after the task using them is complete.

Create a service that uses a bind-mounted host directory

The following example bind-mounts a host directory at /path/in/container in the containers backing the service:

$ docker service create \
  --name my-service \
  --mount type=bind,source=/path/on/host,destination=/path/in/container \
  nginx:alpine

Set service mode (–mode)

The service mode determines whether this is a replicated service or a global service. A replicated service runs as many tasks as specified, while a global service runs on each active node in the swarm.

The following command creates a global service:

$ docker service create \
 --name redis_2 \
 --mode global \
 redis:3.0.6

Specify service constraints (–constraint)

You can limit the set of nodes where a task can be scheduled by defining constraint expressions. Multiple constraints find nodes that satisfy every expression (AND match). Constraints can match node or Docker Engine labels as follows:

engine.labels apply to Docker Engine labels like operating system, drivers, etc. Swarm administrators add node.labels for operational purposes by using the docker node update command.

For example, the following limits tasks for the redis service to nodes where the node type label equals queue:

$ docker service create \
  --name redis_2 \
  --constraint 'node.labels.type == queue' \
  redis:3.0.6

Specify service placement preferences (–placement-pref)

You can set up the service to divide tasks evenly over different categories of nodes. One example of where this can be useful is to balance tasks over a set of datacenters or availability zones. The example below illustrates this:

$ docker service create \
  --replicas 9 \
  --name redis_2 \
  --placement-pref 'spread=node.labels.datacenter' \
  redis:3.0.6

This uses --placement-pref with a spread strategy (currently the only supported strategy) to spread tasks evenly over the values of the datacenter node label. In this example, we assume that every node has a datacenter node label attached to it. If there are three different values of this label among nodes in the swarm, one third of the tasks will be placed on the nodes associated with each value. This is true even if there are more nodes with one value than another. For example, consider the following set of nodes:

• Three nodes with node.labels.datacenter=east
• Two nodes with node.labels.datacenter=south
• One node with node.labels.datacenter=west

Since we are spreading over the values of the datacenter label and the service has 9 replicas, 3 replicas will end up in each datacenter. There are three nodes associated with the value east, so each one will get one of the three replicas reserved for this value. There are two nodes with the value south, and the three replicas for this value will be divided between them, with one receiving two replicas and another receiving just one. Finally, west has a single node that will get all three replicas reserved for west.

If the nodes in one category (for example, those with node.labels.datacenter=south) can’t handle their fair share of tasks due to constraints or resource limitations, the extra tasks will be assigned to other nodes instead, if possible.

Both engine labels and node labels are supported by placement preferences. The example above uses a node label, because the label is referenced with node.labels.datacenter. To spread over the values of an engine label, use --placement-pref spread=engine.labels.<labelname>.

It is possible to add multiple placement preferences to a service. This establishes a hierarchy of preferences, so that tasks are first divided over one category, and then further divided over additional categories. One example of where this may be useful is dividing tasks fairly between datacenters, and then splitting the tasks within each datacenter over a choice of racks. To add multiple placement preferences, specify the --placement-pref flag multiple times. The order is significant, and the placement preferences will be applied in the order given when making scheduling decisions.

The following example sets up a service with multiple placement preferences. Tasks are spread first over the various datacenters, and then over racks (as indicated by the respective labels):

$ docker service create \
  --replicas 9 \
  --name redis_2 \
  --placement-pref 'spread=node.labels.datacenter' \
  --placement-pref 'spread=node.labels.rack' \
  redis:3.0.6

When updating a service with docker service update, --placement-pref-add appends a new placement preference after all existing placement preferences. --placement-pref-rm removes an existing placement preference that matches the argument.

Attach a service to an existing network (–network)

You can use overlay networks to connect one or more services within the swarm.

First, create an overlay network on a manager node the docker network create command:

$ docker network create --driver overlay my-network

etjpu59cykrptrgw0z0hk5snf

After you create an overlay network in swarm mode, all manager nodes have access to the network.

When you create a service and pass the –network flag to attach the service to the overlay network:

$ docker service create \
  --replicas 3 \
  --network my-network \
  --name my-web \
  nginx

716thylsndqma81j6kkkb5aus

The swarm extends my-network to each node running the service.

Containers on the same network can access each other using service discovery.

Publish service ports externally to the swarm (-p, –publish)

You can publish service ports to make them available externally to the swarm using the --publish flag. The --publish flag can take two different styles of arguments. The short version is positional, and allows you to specify the published port and target port separated by a colon.

$ docker service create --name my_web --replicas 3 --publish 8080:80 nginx

There is also a long format, which is easier to read and allows you to specify more options. The long format is preferred. You cannot specify the service’s mode when using the short format. Here is an example of using the long format for the same service as above:

$ docker service create --name my_web --replicas 3 --publish published=8080,target=80 nginx

The options you can specify are:

When you publish a service port using ingres mode, the swarm routing mesh makes the service accessible at the published port on every node regardless if there is a task for the service running on the node. If you use host mode, the port is only bound on nodes where the service is running, and a given port on a node can only be bound once. You can only set the publication mode using the long syntax. For more information refer to Use swarm mode routing mesh.

Provide credential specs for managed service accounts (Windows only)

This option is only used for services using Windows containers. The --credential-spec must be in the format file://<filename> or registry://<value-name>.

When using the file://<filename> format, the referenced file must be present in the CredentialSpecs subdirectory in the docker data directory, which defaults to C:\ProgramData\Docker\ on Windows. For example, specifying file://spec.json loads C:\ProgramData\Docker\CredentialSpecs\spec.json.

When using the registry://<value-name> format, the credential spec is read from the Windows registry on the daemon’s host. The specified registry value must be located in:

HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Virtualization\Containers\CredentialSpecs

Create services using templates

You can use templates for some flags of service create, using the syntax provided by the Go’s text/template package.

The supported flags are the following :

• --hostname
• --mount
• --env

Valid placeholders for the Go template are listed below:

Template example

In this example, we are going to set the template of the created containers based on the service’s name, the node’s ID and hostname where it sits.

$ docker service create --name hosttempl \
                        --hostname="{{.Node.Hostname}}-{{.Node.ID}}-{{.Service.Name}}"\
                         busybox top

va8ew30grofhjoychbr6iot8c

$ docker service ps va8ew30grofhjoychbr6iot8c

ID            NAME         IMAGE                                                                                   NODE          DESIRED STATE  CURRENT STATE               ERROR  PORTS
wo41w8hg8qan  hosttempl.1  busybox:latest@sha256:29f5d56d12684887bdfa50dcd29fc31eea4aaf4ad3bec43daf19026a7ce69912  2e7a8a9c4da2  Running        Running about a minute ago

$ docker inspect --format="{{.Config.Hostname}}" 2e7a8a9c4da2-wo41w8hg8qanxwjwsg4kxpprj-hosttempl

x3ti0erg11rjpg64m75kej2mz-hosttempl

Specify isolation mode (Windows)

By default, tasks scheduled on Windows nodes are run using the default isolation mode configured for this particular node. To force a specific isolation mode, you can use the --isolation flag:

$ docker service create --name myservice --isolation=process microsoft/nanoserver

Supported isolation modes on Windows are:

• default: use default settings specified on the node running the task
• process: use process isolation (Windows server only)
• hyperv: use Hyper-V isolation

Create services requesting Generic Resources

You can narrow the kind of nodes your task can land on through the using the --generic-resource flag (if the nodes advertise these resources):

$ docker service create --name cuda \
                        --generic-resource "NVIDIA-GPU=2" \
                        --generic-resource "SSD=1" \
                        nvidia/cuda