Android Platform Guide

This guide shows how to set up your SDK environment to deploy Cordova apps for Android devices, and how to optionally use Android-centered command-line tools in your development workflow. You need to install the Android SDK regardless of whether you want to use these platform-centered shell tools or cross-platform Cordova CLI for development. For a comparison of the two development paths, see the Overview. For details on the CLI, see Cordova CLI Reference.

Requirements and Support

Cordova for Android requires the Android SDK which can be installed on OS X, Linux or Windows. See the Android SDK's System Requirements. Cordova's latest Android package supports up to Android API Level 28. The supported Android API Levels and Android Versions for the past few cordova-android releases can be found in this table:

cordova-android Version	Supported Android API-Levels	Equivalent Android Version
8.X.X	19 - 28	4.4 - 9.0.0
7.X.X	19 - 27	4.4 - 8.1
6.X.X	16 - 26	4.1 - 8.0.0
5.X.X	14 - 23	4.0 - 6.0.1
4.1.X	14 - 22	4.0 - 5.1
4.0.X	10 - 22	2.3.3 - 5.1
3.7.X	10 - 21	2.3.3 - 5.0.2

Please note that the versions listed here are for Cordova's Android package, cordova-android, and not for the Cordova CLI. To determine what version of Cordova's Android package is installed in your Cordova project, run the command cordova platform ls in the directory that holds your project.

As a general rule, Android versions become unsupported by Cordova as they dip below 5% on Google's distribution dashboard.

Installing the Requirements

Java Development Kit (JDK)

Install Java Development Kit (JDK) 8.

When installing on Windows you also need to set JAVA_HOME Environment Variable according to your JDK installation path (see Setting Environment Variables)

Gradle

As of Cordova-Android 6.4.0, Gradle is now required to be installed to build Android.

When installing on Windows, you need to add Gradle to your path, (see Setting Environment Variables)

Android SDK

Install Android Studio. Follow the instructions at the linked Android Developer site to get started. Opening Android Studio for the first time will guide you through the process of installing the Android SDK.

Adding SDK Packages

After installing the Android SDK, you must also install the packages for whatever API level you wish to target. It is recommended that you install the highest SDK version that your version of cordova-android supports (see Requirements and Support).

Open the Android SDK Manager (Tools > SDK Manager in Android Studio, or sdkmanager on the command line), and make sure the following are installed:

1. Android Platform SDK for your targeted version of Android
2. Android SDK build-tools version 19.1.0 or higher
3. Android Support Repository (found under the "SDK Tools" tab)

See Android's documentation on Installing SDK Packages for more details.

Setting environment variables

Cordova's CLI tools require some environment variables to be set in order to function correctly. The CLI will attempt to set these variables for you, but in certain cases you may need to set them manually. The following variables should be updated:

1. Set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to the location of your JDK installation
2. Set the ANDROID_HOME environment variable to the location of your Android SDK installation
3. It is also recommended that you add the Android SDK's tools, tools/bin, and platform-tools directories to your PATH

OS X and Linux

On a Mac or Linux, you can use a text editor to create or modify the ~/.bash_profile file. To set an environment variable, add a line that uses export like so (substitute the path with your local installation):

export ANDROID_HOME=/Development/android-sdk/

To update your PATH, add a line resembling the following (substitute the paths with your local Android SDK installation's location):

export PATH=${PATH}:/Development/android-sdk/platform-tools:/Development/android-sdk/tools

Reload your terminal to see this change reflected or run the following command:

$ source ~/.bash_profile

Windows

These steps may vary depending on your installed version of Windows. Close and reopen any command prompt windows after making changes to see them reflected.

1. Click on the Start menu in the lower-left corner of the desktop

2. In the search bar, search for Environment Variables and select Edit the system Environment Variables from the options that appear

3. In the window that appears, click the Environment Variables button

To create a new environment variable:

1. Click New... and enter the variable name and value

To set your PATH:

1. Select the PATH variable and press Edit.

2. Add entries for the relevant locations to the PATH. For example (substitute the paths with your local Android SDK installation's location):

   C:\Users\[your user]\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\platform-tools
   C:\Users\[your user]\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\tools
   

Project Configuration

Setting up an Emulator

If you wish to run your Cordova app on an Android emulator, you will first need to create an Android Virtual Device (AVD). See the Android documentation for managing AVDs, configuring the emulator, and setting up hardware acceleration.

Once your AVD is configured correctly, you should be able to deploy your Cordova application to the emulator by running:

$ cordova run --emulator

Configuring Gradle

As of [email protected], Cordova for Android projects are built using Gradle. For instructions on building with Ant, refer to older versions of the documentation. Please note that Ant builds are deprecated as of the Android SDK Tools 25.3.0.

Setting Gradle Properties

It is possible to configure the Gradle build by setting the values of certain Gradle properties that Cordova exposes. The following properties are available to be set:

Property	Description
cdvBuildMultipleApks	If this is set, then multiple APK files will be generated: One per native platform supported by library projects (x86, ARM, etc). This can be important if your project uses large native libraries, which can drastically increase the size of the generated APK. If not set, then a single APK will be generated which can be used on all devices
cdvVersionCode	Overrides the versionCode set in AndroidManifest.xml
cdvReleaseSigningPropertiesFile	Default: release-signing.properties Path to a .properties file that contains signing information for release builds (see Signing an App)
cdvDebugSigningPropertiesFile	Default: debug-signing.properties Path to a .properties file that contains signing information for debug builds (see Signing an App). Useful when you need to share a signing key with other developers
cdvMinSdkVersion	Overrides the value of minSdkVersion set in AndroidManifest.xml. Useful when creating multiple APKs based on SDK version
cdvBuildToolsVersion	Overrides the automatically detected android.buildToolsVersion value
cdvCompileSdkVersion	Overrides the automatically detected android.compileSdkVersion value

You can set these properties in one of four ways:

1. By setting environment variables like so:

   $ export ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_cdvMinSdkVersion=20
   $ cordova build android
   

2. By using the --gradleArg flag in your Cordova build or run commands:

   $ cordova run android -- --gradleArg=-PcdvMinSdkVersion=20
   

3. By placing a file called gradle.properties in your Android platform folder (<your-project>/platforms/android) and setting the properties in it like so:

   # In <your-project>/platforms/android/app/gradle.properties
   cdvMinSdkVersion=20
   

4. By extending build.gradle via a build-extras.gradle file and setting the property like so:

   // In <your-project>/platforms/android/app/build-extras.gradle
   ext.cdvMinSdkVersion = 20
   

The latter two options both involve including an extra file in your Android platform folder. In general, it is discouraged that you edit the contents of this folder because it is easy for those changes to be lost or overwritten. Instead, these two files should be copied from another location into that folder as part of the build command by using the before_build hook.

Extending build.gradle

If you need to customize build.gradle, rather than edit it directly, you should create a sibling file named build-extras.gradle. This file will be included by the main build.gradle when present. This file must be placed in the app folder of the Android platform directory (<your-project>/platforms/android/app), so it is recommended that you copy it over via a script attached to the before_build hook.

Here's an example:

// Example build-extras.gradle
// This file is included at the beginning of `build.gradle`

// special properties (see `build.gradle`) can be set and overwrite the defaults
ext.cdvDebugSigningPropertiesFile = '../../android-debug-keys.properties'

// normal `build.gradle` configuration can happen
android {
  defaultConfig {
    testInstrumentationRunner 'android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner'
  }
}
dependencies {
  androidTestImplementation 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
  }
}

// When set, this function `ext.postBuildExtras` allows code to run at the end of `build.gradle`
ext.postBuildExtras = {
    android.buildTypes.debug.applicationIdSuffix = '.debug'
}

Note that plugins can also include build-extras.gradle files via:

<framework src="some.gradle" custom="true" type="gradleReference" />

Setting the Version Code

To change the version code for your app's generated apk, set the android-versionCode attribute in the widget element of your application's config.xml file. If the android-versionCode is not set, the version code will be determined using the version attribute. For example, if the version is MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH:

versionCode = MAJOR * 10000 + MINOR * 100 + PATCH

If your application has enabled the cdvBuildMultipleApks Gradle property (see Setting Gradle Properties), the version code of your app will also be multiplied by 10 so that the last digit of the code can be used to indicate the architecture the apk was built for. This multiplication will happen regardless of whether the version code is taken from the android-versionCode attribute or generated using the version. Be aware that some plugins added to your project (including cordova-plugin-crosswalk-webview) may set this Gradle property automatically.

Please Note: When updating the android-versionCode property, it is unwise to increment the version code taken from built apks. Instead, you should increment the code based off the value in your config.xml file's android-versionCode attribute. This is because the cdvBuildMultipleApks property causes the version code to be multiplied by 10 in the built apks and thus using that value will cause your next version code to be 100 times the original, etc.

Signing an App

First, you should read the Android app signing requirements.

Using Flags

To sign an app, you need the following parameters:

Parameter	Flag	Description
Keystore	--keystore	Path to a binary file which can hold a set of keys
Keystore Password	--storePassword	Password to the keystore
Alias	--alias	The id specifying the private key used for signing
Password	--password	Password for the private key specified
Type of the Keystore	--keystoreType	Default: auto-detect based on file extension Either pkcs12 or jks

These parameters can be specified using the command line arguments above to the Cordova CLI build or run commands.

Note: You should use double -- to indicate that these are platform-specific arguments, for example:

cordova run android --release -- --keystore=../my-release-key.keystore --storePassword=password --alias=alias_name --password=password.

Using build.json

Alternatively, you could specify them in a build configuration file (build.json) using the --buildConfig argument to the same commands. Here's a sample of a build configuration file:

{
    "android": {
        "debug": {
            "keystore": "../android.keystore",
            "storePassword": "android",
            "alias": "mykey1",
            "password" : "password",
            "keystoreType": ""
        },
        "release": {
            "keystore": "../android.keystore",
            "storePassword": "",
            "alias": "mykey2",
            "password" : "password",
            "keystoreType": ""
        }
    }
}

For release signing, passwords can be excluded and the build system will issue a prompt asking for the password.

There is also support to mix and match command line arguments and parameters in build.json. Values from the command line arguments will get precedence. This can be useful for specifying passwords on the command line.

Using Gradle

You can also specify signing properties by including a .properties file and pointing to it with the cdvReleaseSigningPropertiesFile and cdvDebugSigningPropertiesFile Gradle properties (see Setting Gradle Properties). The file should look like this:

storeFile=relative/path/to/keystore.p12
storePassword=SECRET1
storeType=pkcs12
keyAlias=DebugSigningKey
keyPassword=SECRET2

storePassword and keyPassword are optional, and will be prompted for if omitted.

Debugging

For details on the debugging tools that come packaged with the Android SDK, see Android's developer documentation for debugging. Additionally, Android's developer documentation for debugging web apps provides an introduction for debugging the portion of your app running in the Webview.

Opening a Project in Android Studio

Cordova for Android projects can be opened in the Android IDE, Android Studio. This can be useful if you wish to use Android Studio's built in Android debugging/profiling tools or if you are developing Android plugins. Please note that when opening your project in Android studio, it is recommended that you do NOT edit your code in the IDE. This will edit the code in the platforms folder of your project (not www), and changes are liable to be overwritten. Instead, edit the www folder and copy over your changes by running cordova build.

Plugin developers wishing to edit their native code in the IDE should use the --link flag when adding their plugin to the project via cordova plugin add. This will link the files so that changes to the plugin files in the platforms folder are reflected in your plugin's source folder (and vice versa).

To open a Cordova for Android project in Android Studio:

1. Launch Android Studio.

2. Select Import Project (Eclipse ADT, Gradle, etc).

   

3. Select the Android platform directory in your project (<your-project>/platforms/android).

   

4. For the Gradle Sync question you can simply answer Yes.

Once it finishes importing, you should be able to build and run the app directly from Android Studio. See Android Studio Overview and Building and Running from Android Studio for more details.

Platform Centered Workflow

cordova-android includes a number of scripts that allow the platform to be used without the full Cordova CLI. This development path may offer you a greater range of development options in certain situations than the cross-platform cordova CLI. For example, you need to use shell tools when deploying a custom Cordova WebView alongside native components. Before using this development path, you must still configure the Android SDK environment as described in Requirements and Support above.

For each of the scripts discussed below, refer to Cordova CLI Reference for more information on their arguments and usage. Each script has a name that matches the corresponding CLI command. For example, cordova-android/bin/create is equivalent to cordova create.

To get started, either download the cordova-android package from npm or Github.

To create a project using this package, run the create script in the bin folder:

$ cordova-android/bin/create

The created project will have a folder named cordova inside that contains scripts for the project-specific Cordova commands (e.g. run, build, etc.). Additionally, the project will feature a structure different from that of a normal Cordova project. Notably, /www is moved to /assets/www.

To install plugins in this project, use the Cordova Plugman Utility.

Upgrading

Refer to this article for instructions to upgrade your cordova-android version.

Lifecycle Guide

Cordova and Android

Native Android apps typically consist of a series of activities that the user interacts with. Activities can be thought of as the individual screens that make up an application; different tasks in an app will often have their own activity. Each activity has its own lifecycle that is maintained as the activity enters and leaves the foreground of a user's device.

In contrast, Cordova applications on the Android platform are executed within a Webview that is embedded in a single Android activity. The lifecycle of this activity is exposed to your application through the document events that are fired. The events are not guaranteed to line up with Android's lifecycle, but they can provide guidelines for saving and restoring your state. These events roughly map to Android callbacks as follows:

Cordova Event	Rough Android Equivalent	Meaning
deviceready	onCreate()	Application is starting (not from background)
pause	onPause()	Application is moving to the background
resume	onResume()	Application is returning to the foreground

Most other Cordova platforms have a similar concept of lifecycles and should fire these same events when similar actions happen on a user's device. However, Android presents some unique challenges that can sometimes show up thanks to the native Activity lifecycle.

What makes Android different?

In Android, the OS can choose to kill activities in the background in order to free up resources if the device is low on memory. Unfortunately, when the activity holding your application is killed, the Webview in which your application lives will be destroyed as well. Any state that your application is maintaining will be lost in this case. When the user navigates back to your application, the Activity and Webview will be recreated by the OS, but state will not be automatically restored for your Cordova app. For this reason, it is imperative that your application be aware of the lifecycle events that are fired and maintain whatever state is appropriate to make sure a user's context in your app is not lost when they leave the application.

When can this happen?

Your application is susceptible to being destroyed by the OS whenever it leaves the sight of the user. There are two main situations in which this can occur. The first and most obvious case is when the user presses the home button or switches to another application.

However, there is a second (and much more subtle) case that certain plugins can introduce. As noted above, Cordova applications are usually confined to the single activity that contains the Webview. However, there are instances in which other activities may be launched by plugins and temporarily push the Cordova activity to the background. These other Activities are typically launched in order to perform a specific task using a native application installed on the device. For example, the Cordova camera plugin launches whatever camera activity is natively installed on the device in order to take a photo. Reusing the installed camera application in this way makes your application feel much more like a native app when the user tries to take a photo. Unfortunately, when the native Activity pushes your app to the background there is a chance the OS will kill it.

For a clearer understanding of this second case, let's walk through an example using the camera plugin. Imagine you have an application that requires the user to take a profile photo. The flow of events in the application when everything goes as planned will look something like this:

1. The user is interacting with your app and needs to take a picture
2. The camera plugin launches the native camera activity
   • The Cordova activity is pushed to the background (pause event is fired)
3. The user takes a photo
4. The camera activity finishes
   • The Cordova activity is moved to the foreground (resume event is fired)
5. The user is returned to your application where they left off

However, this flow of events can be disrupted if a device is low on memory. If the Activity is killed by the OS, the above sequence of events instead plays out as follows:

1. The user is interacting with your app and needs to take a picture
2. The camera plugin launches the native camera activity
   • The OS destroys the Cordova activity (pause event is fired)
3. The user takes a photo
4. The camera activity finishes
   • The OS recreates the Cordova activity (deviceready and resume events are fired)
5. The user is confused as to why they are suddenly back at your app's login screen

In this instance, the OS killed the application in the background and the application did not maintain its state as part of the lifecycle. When the user returned to the app, the Webview was recreated and the app appeared to have restarted from scratch (hence the user's confusion). This sequence of events is equivalent to what happens when the home button is pressed or the user switches applications. The key to preventing the above experience is subscribing to events and properly maintaining state as part of the activity lifecycle.

Respecting the Lifecycle

In the examples above, the javascript events that are fired are noted in italics. These events are your opportunity to save and restore your application's state. You should register callbacks in your application's bindEvents function that respond to the lifecycle events by saving state. What information you save and how you save it is left to your discretion, but you should be sure to save enough information so that you can restore the user to exactly where they left off when they return to your application.

There is one additional factor in the example above that only applies in the second-discussed situation (i.e. when a plugin launches an external activity). Not only was the state of the application lost when the user finished taking a photo, but so was the photo that the user took. Normally, that photo would be delivered to your application through the callback that was registered with the camera plugin. However, when the Webview was destroyed that callback was lost forever. Luckily, cordova-android 5.1.0 and above provide a means for getting the result of that plugin call when your application resumes.

Retrieving plugin callback results (cordova-android 5.1.0+)

When the OS destroys the Cordova activity that was pushed into the background by a plugin, any pending callbacks are lost as well. This means that if you passed a callback to the plugin that launched the new activity (e.g. the camera plugin), that callback will NOT be fired when the application is recreated. However, starting in cordova-android 5.1.0, the resume event's payload will contain any pending plugin results from the plugin request that launched the external activity made prior to the activity being destroyed.

The payload for the resume event adheres to the following format:

{
    action: "resume",
    pendingResult: {
        pluginServiceName: string,
        pluginStatus: string,
        result: any
    }
}

The fields of that payload are defined as follows:

• pluginServiceName: The name of the plugin returning the result (e.g. "Camera"). This can be found in the <name> tag of a plugin's plugin.xml file
• pluginStatus: The status of the plugin call (see below)
• result: Whatever the result of the plugin call is

The possible values for pluginStatus in the pendingResult field include the following:

• "OK" - The plugin call was successful
• "No Result" - The plugin call ended with no result
• "Error" - The plugin call resulted in some general error
• Other miscellaneous errors
  • "Class not found"
  • "Illegal access"
  • "Instantiation error"
  • "Malformed url"
  • "IO error"
  • "Invalid action"
  • "JSON error"

Please note that it is up to the plugin to decide what is contained in the result field and the meaning of the pluginStatus that is returned. Reference the API of the plugin you are using to see what you should expect those fields to contain and how to use their values.

Example

Below is a brief example application that uses the resume and pause events to manage state. It uses the Apache camera plugin as an example of how to retrieve the results of a plugin call from the resume event payload. The portion of the code dealing with the resume's event.pendingResult object requires cordova-android 5.1.0+

// This state represents the state of our application and will be saved and
// restored by onResume() and onPause()
var appState = {
    takingPicture: true,
    imageUri: ""
};

var APP_STORAGE_KEY = "exampleAppState";

var app = {
    initialize: function() {
        this.bindEvents();
    },
    bindEvents: function() {
        // Here we register our callbacks for the lifecycle events we care about
        document.addEventListener('deviceready', this.onDeviceReady, false);
        document.addEventListener('pause', this.onPause, false);
        document.addEventListener('resume', this.onResume, false);
    },
    onDeviceReady: function() {
        document.getElementById("take-picture-button").addEventListener("click", function() {
            // Because the camera plugin method launches an external Activity,
            // there is a chance that our application will be killed before the
            // success or failure callbacks are called. See onPause() and
            // onResume() where we save and restore our state to handle this case
            appState.takingPicture = true;

            navigator.camera.getPicture(cameraSuccessCallback, cameraFailureCallback,
                {
                    sourceType: Camera.PictureSourceType.CAMERA,
                    destinationType: Camera.DestinationType.FILE_URI,
                    targetWidth: 250,
                    targetHeight: 250
                }
            );
        });
    },
    onPause: function() {
        // Here, we check to see if we are in the middle of taking a picture. If
        // so, we want to save our state so that we can properly retrieve the
        // plugin result in onResume(). We also save if we have already fetched
        // an image URI
        if(appState.takingPicture || appState.imageUri) {
            window.localStorage.setItem(APP_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(appState));
        }
    },
    onResume: function(event) {
        // Here we check for stored state and restore it if necessary. In your
        // application, it's up to you to keep track of where any pending plugin
        // results are coming from (i.e. what part of your code made the call)
        // and what arguments you provided to the plugin if relevant
        var storedState = window.localStorage.getItem(APP_STORAGE_KEY);

        if(storedState) {
            appState = JSON.parse(storedState);
        }

        // Check to see if we need to restore an image we took
        if(!appState.takingPicture && appState.imageUri) {
            document.getElementById("get-picture-result").src = appState.imageUri;
        }
        // Now we can check if there is a plugin result in the event object.
        // This requires cordova-android 5.1.0+
        else if(appState.takingPicture && event.pendingResult) {
            // Figure out whether or not the plugin call was successful and call
            // the relevant callback. For the camera plugin, "OK" means a
            // successful result and all other statuses mean error
            if(event.pendingResult.pluginStatus === "OK") {
                // The camera plugin places the same result in the resume object
                // as it passes to the success callback passed to getPicture(),
                // thus we can pass it to the same callback. Other plugins may
                // return something else. Consult the documentation for
                // whatever plugin you are using to learn how to interpret the
                // result field
                cameraSuccessCallback(event.pendingResult.result);
            } else {
                cameraFailureCallback(event.pendingResult.result);
            }
        }
    }
}

// Here are the callbacks we pass to getPicture()
function cameraSuccessCallback(imageUri) {
    appState.takingPicture = false;
    appState.imageUri = imageUri;
    document.getElementById("get-picture-result").src = imageUri;
}

function cameraFailureCallback(error) {
    appState.takingPicture = false;
    console.log(error);
}

app.initialize();

The corresponding html:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
    <head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self' data: gap: https://ssl.gstatic.com 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; media-src *">
        <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
        <meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no">
        <meta name="viewport" content="user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, width=device-width">
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/index.css">
        <title>Cordova Android Lifecycle Example</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="app">
            <div>
                <img id="get-picture-result" />
            </div>
            <Button id="take-picture-button">Take Picture</button>
        </div>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="cordova.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript" src="js/index.js"></script>
    </body>
</html>

Testing the Activity Lifecycle

Android provides a developer setting for testing Activity destruction on low memory. Enable the "Don't keep activities" setting in the Developer Options menu on your device or emulator to simulate low memory scenarios. You should always do some amount of testing with this setting enabled to make sure that your application is properly maintaining state.