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PostgreSQL

© 1996–2021 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Licensed under the PostgreSQL License.
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/13/reference.html

Tutorial: Getting Started
1. Installation
Tutorial: Advanced Features
1. Introduction
2. Views
3. Foreign Keys
4. Transactions
5. Window Functions
6. Inheritance
7. Conclusion
Tutorial: The SQL Language
1. Introduction
2. Concepts
3. Creating a New Table
4. Populating a Table With Rows
5. Querying a Table
6. Joins Between Tables
7. Aggregate Functions
8. Updates
9. Deletions
2. Architectural Fundamentals
3. Creating a Database
4. Accessing a Database
Functions: System Administration
Administration Functions
System Administration: brin_desummarize_range
System Administration: brin_summarize_new_values
System Administration: brin_summarize_range
System Administration: current_setting
System Administration: gin_clean_pending_list
System Administration: pg_advisory_lock
System Administration: pg_advisory_lock_shared
System Administration: pg_advisory_unlock
System Administration: pg_advisory_unlock_all
System Administration: pg_advisory_unlock_shared
System Administration: pg_advisory_xact_lock
System Administration: pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared
System Administration: pg_backup_start_time
System Administration: pg_cancel_backend
System Administration: pg_collation_actual_version
System Administration: pg_column_size
System Administration: pg_copy_logical_replication_slot
System Administration: pg_copy_physical_replication_slot
System Administration: pg_create_logical_replication_slot
System Administration: pg_create_physical_replication_slot
System Administration: pg_create_restore_point
System Administration: pg_current_wal_flush_lsn
System Administration: pg_current_wal_insert_lsn
System Administration: pg_current_wal_lsn
System Administration: pg_database_size
System Administration: pg_drop_replication_slot
System Administration: pg_export_snapshot
System Administration: pg_filenode_relation
System Administration: pg_import_system_collations
System Administration: pg_indexes_size
System Administration: pg_is_in_backup
System Administration: pg_is_in_recovery
System Administration: pg_is_wal_replay_paused
System Administration: pg_last_wal_receive_lsn
System Administration: pg_last_wal_replay_lsn
System Administration: pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp
System Administration: pg_logical_emit_message
System Administration: pg_logical_slot_get_binary_changes
System Administration: pg_logical_slot_get_changes
System Administration: pg_logical_slot_peek_binary_changes
System Administration: pg_logical_slot_peek_changes
System Administration: pg_ls_archive_statusdir
System Administration: pg_ls_dir
System Administration: pg_ls_logdir
System Administration: pg_ls_tmpdir
System Administration: pg_ls_waldir
System Administration: pg_partition_ancestors
System Administration: pg_partition_root
System Administration: pg_partition_tree
System Administration: pg_promote
System Administration: pg_read_binary_file
System Administration: pg_read_file
System Administration: pg_relation_filenode
System Administration: pg_relation_filepath
System Administration: pg_relation_size
System Administration: pg_reload_conf
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_advance
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_create
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_drop
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_oid
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_progress
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_session_is_setup
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_session_progress
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_session_reset
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_session_setup
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_xact_reset
System Administration: pg_replication_origin_xact_setup
System Administration: pg_replication_slot_advance
System Administration: pg_rotate_logfile
System Administration: pg_size_bytes
System Administration: pg_size_pretty
System Administration: pg_start_backup
System Administration: pg_stat_file
System Administration: pg_stop_backup
System Administration: pg_switch_wal
System Administration: pg_table_size
System Administration: pg_tablespace_size
System Administration: pg_terminate_backend
System Administration: pg_total_relation_size
System Administration: pg_try_advisory_lock
System Administration: pg_try_advisory_lock_shared
System Administration: pg_try_advisory_xact_lock
System Administration: pg_try_advisory_xact_lock_shared
System Administration: pg_wal_lsn_diff
System Administration: pg_wal_replay_pause
System Administration: pg_wal_replay_resume
System Administration: pg_walfile_name
System Administration: pg_walfile_name_offset
System Administration: set_config
Functions: Aggregate
Aggregate Functions
Aggregate: *
Aggregate: GROUPING
Aggregate: WITHIN GROUP
Aggregate: array_agg
Aggregate: avg
Aggregate: bit_and
Aggregate: bit_or
Aggregate: bool_and
Aggregate: bool_or
Aggregate: corr
Aggregate: count
Aggregate: covar_pop
Aggregate: covar_samp
Aggregate: cume_dist
Aggregate: dense_rank
Aggregate: every
Aggregate: json_agg
Aggregate: json_object_agg
Aggregate: jsonb_agg
Aggregate: jsonb_object_agg
Aggregate: max
Aggregate: min
Aggregate: mode
Aggregate: percent_rank
Aggregate: percentile_cont
Aggregate: percentile_disc
Aggregate: rank
Aggregate: regr_avgx
Aggregate: regr_avgy
Aggregate: regr_count
Aggregate: regr_intercept
Aggregate: regr_r2
Aggregate: regr_slope
Aggregate: regr_sxx
Aggregate: regr_sxy
Aggregate: regr_syy
Aggregate: stddev
Aggregate: stddev_pop
Aggregate: stddev_samp
Aggregate: string_agg
Aggregate: sum
Aggregate: to_json
Aggregate: var_pop
Aggregate: var_samp
Aggregate: variance
Aggregate: xmlagg
Functions and Operators
Array Comparisons
Array Comparisons: ALL (array)
Array Comparisons: ANY/SOME (array)
Array Comparisons: IN
Array Comparisons: NOT IN
Comparisons
Comparisons: !=
Comparisons: <
Comparisons: <=
Comparisons: <>
Comparisons: =
Comparisons: >
Comparisons: >=
Comparisons: BETWEEN
Comparisons: BETWEEN SYMMETRIC
Comparisons: IS DISTINCT FROM
Comparisons: IS FALSE
Comparisons: IS NOT DISTINCT FROM
Comparisons: IS NOT FALSE
Comparisons: IS NOT NULL
Comparisons: IS NOT TRUE
Comparisons: IS NOT UNKNOWN
Comparisons: IS NULL
Comparisons: IS TRUE
Comparisons: IS UNKNOWN
Comparisons: ISNULL
Comparisons: NOT BETWEEN
Comparisons: NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC
Comparisons: NOTNULL
Comparisons: VARIADIC
Comparisons: num_nonnulls
Comparisons: num_nulls
Conditional Expressions
Conditional Expressions: CASE
Conditional Expressions: COALESCE
Conditional Expressions: GREATEST and LEAST
Conditional Expressions: NULLIF
Enum Functions
Enum Functions: enum_first
Enum Functions: enum_last
Enum Functions: enum_range
Logical Operators
Pattern Matching
Pattern Matching: LIKE
Pattern Matching: POSIX Regular Expressions
Pattern Matching: SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
Sequence Functions
Sequence Functions: currval
Sequence Functions: lastval
Sequence Functions: nextval
Sequence Functions: setval
Set Returning Functions
Set Returning Functions: generate_series
Set Returning Functions: generate_subscripts
Subquery Expressions
Subquery Expressions: ALL
Subquery Expressions: ANY/SOME
Subquery Expressions: EXISTS
Subquery Expressions: IN
Subquery Expressions: NOT IN
Functions: Array
Array Functions and Operators
Array: &&
Array: <@
Array: @>
Array: array_append
Array: array_cat
Array: array_dims
Array: array_fill
Array: array_length
Array: array_lower
Array: array_ndims
Array: array_position
Array: array_positions
Array: array_prepend
Array: array_remove
Array: array_replace
Array: array_to_string
Array: array_upper
Array: cardinality
Array: string_to_array
Array: unnest
Array: ||
Functions: Binary String
Binary String Functions and Operators
Binary String: bit_length
Binary String: btrim
Binary String: convert
Binary String: convert_from
Binary String: convert_to
Binary String: decode
Binary String: encode
Binary String: get_bit
Binary String: get_byte
Binary String: length
Binary String: md5
Binary String: octet_length
Binary String: overlay
Binary String: position
Binary String: set_bit
Binary String: set_byte
Binary String: sha224
Binary String: sha256
Binary String: sha384
Binary String: sha512
Binary String: substr
Binary String: substring
Binary String: trim
Binary String: ||
Functions: Bit String
Bit String Functions and Operators
Bit String: #
Bit String: &
Bit String: <<
Bit String: >>
Bit String: bit_length
Bit String: get_bit
Bit String: length
Bit String: octet_length
Bit String: overlay
Bit String: position
Bit String: set_bit
Bit String: substring
Bit String: |
Bit String: ||
Bit String: ~
Functions: Data Type Formatting
Data Type Formatting: ,
Data Type Formatting: .
Data Type Formatting: 0
Data Type Formatting: 9
Data Type Formatting: A.M.
Data Type Formatting: AM
Data Type Formatting: B.C.
Data Type Formatting: BC
Data Type Formatting: CC
Data Type Formatting: D
Data Type Formatting: DAY
Data Type Formatting: DD
Data Type Formatting: DDD
Data Type Formatting: DY
Data Type Formatting: Day
Data Type Formatting: Dy
Data Type Formatting: EEEE
Data Type Formatting: FF1
Data Type Formatting: FF2
Data Type Formatting: FF3
Data Type Formatting: FF4
Data Type Formatting: FF5
Data Type Formatting: FF6
Data Type Formatting: FM
Data Type Formatting: FX
Data Type Formatting: G
Data Type Formatting: HH
Data Type Formatting: HH12
Data Type Formatting: HH24
Data Type Formatting: I
Data Type Formatting: ID
Data Type Formatting: IDDD
Data Type Formatting: IW
Data Type Formatting: IY
Data Type Formatting: IYY
Data Type Formatting: IYYY
Data Type Formatting: J
Data Type Formatting: L
Data Type Formatting: MI
Data Type Formatting: MM
Data Type Formatting: MON
Data Type Formatting: MONTH
Data Type Formatting: MS
Data Type Formatting: Mon
Data Type Formatting: Month
Data Type Formatting: OF
Data Type Formatting: PL
Data Type Formatting: PR
Data Type Formatting: Q
Data Type Formatting: RM
Data Type Formatting: RN
Data Type Formatting: S
Data Type Formatting: SG
Data Type Formatting: SP
Data Type Formatting: SS
Data Type Formatting: SSSS
Data Type Formatting: TH
Data Type Formatting: TM
Data Type Formatting: TZ
Data Type Formatting: TZH
Data Type Formatting: TZM
Data Type Formatting: US
Data Type Formatting: V
Data Type Formatting: W
Data Type Formatting: WW
Data Type Formatting: Y
Data Type Formatting: Y,YYY
Data Type Formatting: YY
Data Type Formatting: YYY
Data Type Formatting: YYYY
Data Type Formatting: day
Data Type Formatting: dy
Data Type Formatting: mon
Data Type Formatting: month
Data Type Formatting: rm
Data Type Formatting: th
Data Type Formatting: to_char
Data Type Formatting: to_date
Data Type Formatting: to_number
Data Type Formatting: to_timestamp
Data Type Formatting: tz
Formatting Functions
Functions: Date/Time
Date/Time Functions and Operators
Date/Time: *
Date/Time: +
Date/Time: -
Date/Time: /
Date/Time: AT TIME ZONE
Date/Time: EXTRACT, date_part
Date/Time: age
Date/Time: clock_timestamp
Date/Time: current_date
Date/Time: current_time
Date/Time: current_timestamp
Date/Time: date_part
Date/Time: date_trunc
Date/Time: extract
Date/Time: isfinite
Date/Time: justify_days
Date/Time: justify_hours
Date/Time: justify_interval
Date/Time: localtime
Date/Time: localtimestamp
Date/Time: make_date
Date/Time: make_interval
Date/Time: make_time
Date/Time: make_timestamp
Date/Time: make_timestamptz
Date/Time: now
Date/Time: statement_timestamp
Date/Time: timeofday
Date/Time: to_timestamp
Date/Time: transaction_timestamp
Functions: Geometric
Geometric Functions and Operators
Geometric: #
Geometric: ##
Geometric: &&
Geometric: &<
Geometric: &<|
Geometric: &>
Geometric: *
Geometric: +
Geometric: -
Geometric: /
Geometric: <->
Geometric: <<
Geometric: <<|
Geometric: <@
Geometric: <^
Geometric: >>
Geometric: >^
Geometric: ?#
Geometric: ?-
Geometric: ?-|
Geometric: ?|
Geometric: ?||
Geometric: @-@
Geometric: @>
Geometric: @@
Geometric: area
Geometric: bound_box
Geometric: box
Geometric: center
Geometric: circle
Geometric: diagonal
Geometric: diameter
Geometric: height
Geometric: isclosed
Geometric: isopen
Geometric: length
Geometric: line
Geometric: lseg
Geometric: npoints
Geometric: path
Geometric: pclose
Geometric: point
Geometric: polygon
Geometric: popen
Geometric: radius
Geometric: slope
Geometric: width
Geometric: |&>
Geometric: |>>
Geometric: ~=
Functions: JSON
JSON Functions and Operators
JSON: SQL/JSON Path Language
Functions: Mathematical
Mathematical Functions and Operators
Mathematical: !
Mathematical: !!
Mathematical: #
Mathematical: %
Mathematical: &
Mathematical: *
Mathematical: +
Mathematical: -
Mathematical: /
Mathematical: <<
Mathematical: >>
Mathematical: @
Mathematical: ^
Mathematical: abs
Mathematical: acos
Mathematical: acosd
Mathematical: acosh
Mathematical: asin
Mathematical: asind
Mathematical: asinh
Mathematical: atan
Mathematical: atan2
Mathematical: atan2d
Mathematical: atand
Mathematical: atanh
Mathematical: cbrt
Mathematical: ceil
Mathematical: ceiling
Mathematical: cos
Mathematical: cosd
Mathematical: cosh
Mathematical: cot
Mathematical: cotd
Mathematical: degrees
Mathematical: div
Mathematical: exp
Mathematical: factorial
Mathematical: floor
Mathematical: gcd
Mathematical: lcm
Mathematical: ln
Mathematical: log
Mathematical: log10
Mathematical: min_scale
Mathematical: mod
Mathematical: pi
Mathematical: power
Mathematical: radians
Mathematical: random
Mathematical: round
Mathematical: scale
Mathematical: setseed
Mathematical: sign
Mathematical: sin
Mathematical: sind
Mathematical: sinh
Mathematical: sqrt
Mathematical: tan
Mathematical: tand
Mathematical: tanh
Mathematical: trim_scale
Mathematical: trunc
Mathematical: width_bucket
Mathematical: |
Mathematical: |/
Mathematical: ||/
Mathematical: ~
Functions: Network Address
Network Address Functions and Operators
Network Address: &
Network Address: &&
Network Address: +
Network Address: -
Network Address: <<
Network Address: <<=
Network Address: >>
Network Address: >>=
Network Address: abbrev
Network Address: broadcast
Network Address: family
Network Address: host
Network Address: hostmask
Network Address: inet_merge
Network Address: inet_same_family
Network Address: macaddr8_set7bit
Network Address: masklen
Network Address: netmask
Network Address: network
Network Address: set_masklen
Network Address: text
Network Address: trunc
Network Address: |
Network Address: ~
Functions: Range
Range Functions and Operators
Range: &&
Range: &<
Range: &>
Range: *
Range: +
Range: -
Range: -|-
Range: <<
Range: <@
Range: >>
Range: @>
Range: isempty
Range: lower
Range: lower_inc
Range: lower_inf
Range: range_merge
Range: upper
Range: upper_inc
Range: upper_inf
Functions: Statistics Information
Statistics Information Functions
Functions: String
String Functions and Operators
String: IS
String: ascii
String: bit_length
String: btrim
String: char_length
String: character_length
String: chr
String: concat
String: concat_ws
String: format
String: initcap
String: left
String: length
String: lower
String: lpad
String: ltrim
String: md5
String: normalize
String: octet_length
String: overlay
String: parse_ident
String: pg_client_encoding
String: position
String: quote_ident
String: quote_literal
String: quote_nullable
String: regexp_match
String: regexp_matches
String: regexp_replace
String: regexp_split_to_array
String: regexp_split_to_table
String: repeat
String: replace
String: reverse
String: right
String: rpad
String: rtrim
String: split_part
String: starts_with
String: strpos
String: substr
String: substring
String: to_ascii
String: to_hex
String: translate
String: trim
String: upper
String: ||
Functions: System Information
System Information Functions and Operators
System Information: =
System Information: @>
System Information: COLLATION FOR
System Information: acldefault
System Information: aclexplode
System Information: asc
System Information: backward_scan
System Information: bitmap_scan
System Information: can_exclude
System Information: can_include
System Information: can_multi_col
System Information: can_order
System Information: can_unique
System Information: clusterable
System Information: col_description
System Information: current_catalog
System Information: current_database
System Information: current_query
System Information: current_role
System Information: current_schema
System Information: current_schemas
System Information: current_user
System Information: desc
System Information: distance_orderable
System Information: format_type
System Information: has_any_column_privilege
System Information: has_column_privilege
System Information: has_database_privilege
System Information: has_foreign_data_wrapper_privilege
System Information: has_function_privilege
System Information: has_language_privilege
System Information: has_schema_privilege
System Information: has_sequence_privilege
System Information: has_server_privilege
System Information: has_table_privilege
System Information: has_tablespace_privilege
System Information: has_type_privilege
System Information: index_scan
System Information: inet_client_addr
System Information: inet_client_port
System Information: inet_server_addr
System Information: inet_server_port
System Information: makeaclitem
System Information: nulls_first
System Information: nulls_last
System Information: obj_description
System Information: orderable
System Information: pg_backend_pid
System Information: pg_blocking_pids
System Information: pg_collation_is_visible
System Information: pg_conf_load_time
System Information: pg_control_checkpoint
System Information: pg_control_init
System Information: pg_control_recovery
System Information: pg_control_system
System Information: pg_conversion_is_visible
System Information: pg_current_logfile
System Information: pg_current_snapshot
System Information: pg_current_xact_id
System Information: pg_current_xact_id_if_assigned
System Information: pg_describe_object
System Information: pg_function_is_visible
System Information: pg_get_constraintdef
System Information: pg_get_expr
System Information: pg_get_function_arguments
System Information: pg_get_function_identity_arguments
System Information: pg_get_function_result
System Information: pg_get_functiondef
System Information: pg_get_indexdef
System Information: pg_get_keywords
System Information: pg_get_object_address
System Information: pg_get_ruledef
System Information: pg_get_serial_sequence
System Information: pg_get_statisticsobjdef
System Information: pg_get_triggerdef
System Information: pg_get_userbyid
System Information: pg_get_viewdef
System Information: pg_has_role
System Information: pg_identify_object
System Information: pg_identify_object_as_address
System Information: pg_index_column_has_property
System Information: pg_index_has_property
System Information: pg_indexam_has_property
System Information: pg_is_other_temp_schema
System Information: pg_jit_available
System Information: pg_last_committed_xact
System Information: pg_listening_channels
System Information: pg_my_temp_schema
System Information: pg_notification_queue_usage
System Information: pg_opclass_is_visible
System Information: pg_operator_is_visible
System Information: pg_opfamily_is_visible
System Information: pg_options_to_table
System Information: pg_postmaster_start_time
System Information: pg_safe_snapshot_blocking_pids
System Information: pg_snapshot_xip
System Information: pg_snapshot_xmax
System Information: pg_snapshot_xmin
System Information: pg_statistics_obj_is_visible
System Information: pg_table_is_visible
System Information: pg_tablespace_databases
System Information: pg_tablespace_location
System Information: pg_trigger_depth
System Information: pg_ts_config_is_visible
System Information: pg_ts_dict_is_visible
System Information: pg_ts_parser_is_visible
System Information: pg_ts_template_is_visible
System Information: pg_type_is_visible
System Information: pg_typeof
System Information: pg_visible_in_snapshot
System Information: pg_xact_commit_timestamp
System Information: pg_xact_status
System Information: returnable
System Information: row_security_active
System Information: search_array
System Information: search_nulls
System Information: session_user
System Information: shobj_description
System Information: to_regclass
System Information: to_regcollation
System Information: to_regnamespace
System Information: to_regoper
System Information: to_regoperator
System Information: to_regproc
System Information: to_regprocedure
System Information: to_regrole
System Information: to_regtype
System Information: txid_current
System Information: txid_current_if_assigned
System Information: txid_current_snapshot
System Information: txid_snapshot_xip
System Information: txid_snapshot_xmax
System Information: txid_snapshot_xmin
System Information: txid_status
System Information: txid_visible_in_snapshot
System Information: user
System Information: version
System Information: ~
Functions: Text Search
Text Search Functions and Operators
Text Search: !!
Text Search: &&
Text Search: <->
Text Search: <@
Text Search: @>
Text Search: @@
Text Search: @@@
Text Search: T
Text Search: array_to_tsvector
Text Search: get_current_ts_config
Text Search: json_to_tsvector
Text Search: jsonb_to_tsvector
Text Search: length
Text Search: numnode
Text Search: phraseto_tsquery
Text Search: plainto_tsquery
Text Search: querytree
Text Search: setweight
Text Search: strip
Text Search: to_tsquery
Text Search: to_tsvector
Text Search: ts_debug
Text Search: ts_delete
Text Search: ts_filter
Text Search: ts_headline
Text Search: ts_lexize
Text Search: ts_parse
Text Search: ts_rank
Text Search: ts_rank_cd
Text Search: ts_rewrite
Text Search: ts_stat
Text Search: ts_token_type
Text Search: tsquery_phrase
Text Search: tsvector_to_array
Text Search: unnest
Text Search: websearch_to_tsquery
Text Search: ||
Functions: UUID
UUID Functions
Functions: Window
Window Functions
Window: cume_dist
Window: dense_rank
Window: first_value
Window: lag
Window: last_value
Window: lead
Window: nth_value
Window: ntile
Window: percent_rank
Window: rank
Window: row_number
Functions: XML
XML Functions
XML: IS DOCUMENT
XML: IS NOT DOCUMENT
XML: XMLEXISTS
XML: xml_is_well_formed
XML: xmlagg
XML: xmlcomment
XML: xmlconcat
XML: xmlelement
XML: xmlforest
XML: xmlpi
XML: xmlroot
XML: xmltable
XML: xpath
XML: xpath_exists
Commands
ABORT
ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER COLLATION
ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER EVENT TRIGGER
ALTER EXTENSION
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER LARGE OBJECT
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER POLICY
ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER PUBLICATION
ALTER ROLE
ALTER ROUTINE
ALTER RULE
ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SERVER
ALTER STATISTICS
ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
ALTER SYSTEM
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER
ALTER USER MAPPING
ALTER VIEW
ANALYZE
BEGIN
CALL
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
CLUSTER
COMMENT
COMMIT
COMMIT PREPARED
COPY
CREATE ACCESS METHOD
CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST
CREATE COLLATION
CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
CREATE EXTENSION
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE POLICY
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE PUBLICATION
CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER
CREATE STATISTICS
CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TRANSFORM
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER
CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW
DEALLOCATE
DECLARE
DELETE
DISCARD
DO
DROP ACCESS METHOD
DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST
DROP COLLATION
DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN
DROP EVENT TRIGGER
DROP EXTENSION
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FOREIGN TABLE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OWNED
DROP POLICY
DROP PROCEDURE
DROP PUBLICATION
DROP ROLE
DROP ROUTINE
DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SERVER
DROP STATISTICS
DROP SUBSCRIPTION
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TRANSFORM
DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE
DROP USER
DROP USER MAPPING
DROP VIEW
END
EXECUTE
EXPLAIN
FETCH
GRANT
IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
INSERT
LISTEN
LOAD
LOCK
MOVE
NOTIFY
PREPARE
PREPARE TRANSACTION
REASSIGN OWNED
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
REINDEX
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
RESET
REVOKE
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK PREPARED
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT
SECURITY LABEL
SELECT
SELECT ... DISTINCT
SELECT ... EXCEPT
SELECT ... FROM
SELECT ... GROUP BY
SELECT ... HAVING
SELECT ... INTERSECT
SELECT ... LIMIT
SELECT ... ORDER BY
SELECT ... UNION
SELECT ... WHERE
SELECT ... WINDOW
SELECT ... WITH
SELECT INTO
SET
SET CONSTRAINTS
SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION
SHOW
START TRANSACTION
TRUNCATE
UNLISTEN
UPDATE
VACUUM
VALUES
High Availability
Alternative Method for Log Shipping
Comparison of Different Solutions
Failover
Hot Standby
Log-Shipping Standby Servers
Logical Replication
Architecture
Architecture: Initial Snapshot
Configuration Settings
Conflicts
Monitoring
Publication
Quick Setup
Restrictions
Security
Subscription
Subscription: Replication Slot Management
Data Types
Arrays
Binary Data Types
Binary Data Types: bytea
Bit String Types
Boolean Type
Boolean Type: boolean
Character Types
Character Types: "char"
Character Types: char
Character Types: character
Character Types: character varying
Character Types: name
Character Types: text
Character Types: varchar
Composite Types
Data Types: bigint
Data Types: bigserial
Data Types: bit
Data Types: bit varying
Data Types: boolean
Data Types: box
Data Types: bytea
Data Types: character
Data Types: character varying
Data Types: cidr
Data Types: circle
Data Types: date
Data Types: double precision
Data Types: inet
Data Types: integer
Data Types: interval
Data Types: json
Data Types: jsonb
Data Types: line
Data Types: lseg
Data Types: macaddr
Data Types: macaddr8
Data Types: money
Data Types: numeric
Data Types: path
Data Types: pg_lsn
Data Types: pg_snapshot
Data Types: point
Data Types: polygon
Data Types: real
Data Types: serial
Data Types: smallint
Data Types: smallserial
Data Types: text
Data Types: time
Data Types: time with time zone
Data Types: timestamp
Data Types: timestamp with time zone
Data Types: tsquery
Data Types: tsvector
Data Types: txid_snapshot
Data Types: uuid
Data Types: xml
Date/Time Types
Date/Time Types: date
Date/Time Types: interval
Date/Time Types: time
Date/Time Types: time with time zone
Date/Time Types: timestamp
Date/Time Types: timestamp with time zone
Domain Types
Enumerated Types
Geometric Types
Geometric Types: box
Geometric Types: circle
Geometric Types: line
Geometric Types: lseg
Geometric Types: path
Geometric Types: point
Geometric Types: polygon
JSON Types
JSON Types: boolean
JSON Types: null
JSON Types: number
JSON Types: string
Monetary Types
Monetary Types: money
Network Address Types
Network Address Types: cidr
Network Address Types: inet
Network Address Types: macaddr
Network Address Types: macaddr8
Numeric Types
Numeric Types: bigint
Numeric Types: bigserial
Numeric Types: decimal
Numeric Types: double precision
Numeric Types: integer
Numeric Types: numeric
Numeric Types: real
Numeric Types: serial
Numeric Types: smallint
Numeric Types: smallserial
Object Identifier Types
Object Identifier Types: oid
Object Identifier Types: regclass
Object Identifier Types: regcollation
Object Identifier Types: regconfig
Object Identifier Types: regdictionary
Object Identifier Types: regnamespace
Object Identifier Types: regoper
Object Identifier Types: regoperator
Object Identifier Types: regproc
Object Identifier Types: regprocedure
Object Identifier Types: regrole
Object Identifier Types: regtype
Pseudo-Types
Pseudo-Types: any
Pseudo-Types: anyarray
Pseudo-Types: anycompatible
Pseudo-Types: anycompatiblearray
Pseudo-Types: anycompatiblenonarray
Pseudo-Types: anycompatiblerange
Pseudo-Types: anyelement
Pseudo-Types: anyenum
Pseudo-Types: anynonarray
Pseudo-Types: anyrange
Pseudo-Types: cstring
Pseudo-Types: event_trigger
Pseudo-Types: fdw_handler
Pseudo-Types: index_am_handler
Pseudo-Types: internal
Pseudo-Types: language_handler
Pseudo-Types: pg_ddl_command
Pseudo-Types: record
Pseudo-Types: table_am_handler
Pseudo-Types: trigger
Pseudo-Types: tsm_handler
Pseudo-Types: unknown
Pseudo-Types: void
Range Types
Range Types: daterange
Range Types: int4range
Range Types: int8range
Range Types: numrange
Range Types: tsrange
Range Types: tstzrange
Text Search Types
Text Search Types: tsquery
Text Search Types: tsvector
UUID Type
XML Type
pg_lsn Type
Write-Ahead Log
Asynchronous Commit
Reliability
WAL Configuration
WAL Internals
Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
Client Authentication
Authentication Methods
Authentication Problems
BSD Authentication
Certificate Authentication
GSSAPI Authentication
Ident Authentication
LDAP Authentication
PAM Authentication
Password Authentication
Peer Authentication
RADIUS Authentication
SSPI Authentication
Trust Authentication
User Name Maps
pg_hba.conf File
B-Tree Indexes
B-Tree Indexes
B-Tree Support Functions
Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
Implementation
Implementation: B-Tree Structure
Implementation: Deduplication
Backup Manifest Format
Backup Manifest File Object
Backup Manifest Top-level Object
Backup Manifest WAL Range Object
Internals: BRIN Indexes
BRIN Indexes: Built-in Operator Classes
BRIN Indexes: Extensibility
Internals: BRIN Indexes
Syntax
Calling Functions
Calling Functions: Mixed Notation
Calling Functions: Named Notation
Calling Functions: Positional Notation
Lexical Structure
Lexical Structure: Comments
Lexical Structure: Constants
Lexical Structure: Identifiers and Key Words
Lexical Structure: Operator Precedence
Lexical Structure: Operators
Lexical Structure: Special Characters
Value Expressions
Value Expressions: Aggregate Expressions
Value Expressions: Array Constructors
Value Expressions: Collation Expressions
Value Expressions: Column References
Value Expressions: Expression Evaluation Rules
Value Expressions: Field Selection
Value Expressions: Function Calls
Value Expressions: Operator Invocations
Value Expressions: Positional Parameters
Value Expressions: Row Constructors
Value Expressions: Scalar Subqueries
Value Expressions: Subscripts
Value Expressions: Type Casts
Value Expressions: Window Function Calls
Internals: Catalogs
Catalogs: System Views
Catalogs: pg_aggregate
Catalogs: pg_am
Catalogs: pg_amop
Catalogs: pg_amproc
Catalogs: pg_attrdef
Catalogs: pg_attribute
Catalogs: pg_auth_members
Catalogs: pg_authid
Catalogs: pg_available_extension_versions
Catalogs: pg_available_extensions
Catalogs: pg_cast
Catalogs: pg_class
Catalogs: pg_collation
Catalogs: pg_config
Catalogs: pg_constraint
Catalogs: pg_conversion
Catalogs: pg_cursors
Catalogs: pg_database
Catalogs: pg_db_role_setting
Catalogs: pg_default_acl
Catalogs: pg_depend
Catalogs: pg_description
Catalogs: pg_enum
Catalogs: pg_event_trigger
Catalogs: pg_extension
Catalogs: pg_file_settings
Catalogs: pg_foreign_data_wrapper
Catalogs: pg_foreign_server
Catalogs: pg_foreign_table
Catalogs: pg_group
Catalogs: pg_hba_file_rules
Catalogs: pg_index
Catalogs: pg_indexes
Catalogs: pg_inherits
Catalogs: pg_init_privs
Catalogs: pg_language
Catalogs: pg_largeobject
Catalogs: pg_largeobject_metadata
Catalogs: pg_locks
Catalogs: pg_matviews
Catalogs: pg_namespace
Catalogs: pg_opclass
Catalogs: pg_operator
Catalogs: pg_opfamily
Catalogs: pg_partitioned_table
Catalogs: pg_policies
Catalogs: pg_policy
Catalogs: pg_prepared_statements
Catalogs: pg_prepared_xacts
Catalogs: pg_proc
Catalogs: pg_publication
Catalogs: pg_publication_rel
Catalogs: pg_publication_tables
Catalogs: pg_range
Catalogs: pg_replication_origin
Catalogs: pg_replication_origin_status
Catalogs: pg_replication_slots
Catalogs: pg_rewrite
Catalogs: pg_roles
Catalogs: pg_rules
Catalogs: pg_seclabel
Catalogs: pg_seclabels
Catalogs: pg_sequence
Catalogs: pg_sequences
Catalogs: pg_settings
Catalogs: pg_shadow
Catalogs: pg_shdepend
Catalogs: pg_shdescription
Catalogs: pg_shmem_allocations
Catalogs: pg_shseclabel
Catalogs: pg_statistic
Catalogs: pg_statistic_ext
Catalogs: pg_statistic_ext_data
Catalogs: pg_stats
Catalogs: pg_stats_ext
Catalogs: pg_subscription
Catalogs: pg_subscription_rel
Catalogs: pg_tables
Catalogs: pg_tablespace
Catalogs: pg_timezone_abbrevs
Catalogs: pg_timezone_names
Catalogs: pg_transform
Catalogs: pg_trigger
Catalogs: pg_ts_config
Catalogs: pg_ts_config_map
Catalogs: pg_ts_dict
Catalogs: pg_ts_parser
Catalogs: pg_ts_template
Catalogs: pg_type
Catalogs: pg_user
Catalogs: pg_user_mapping
Catalogs: pg_user_mappings
Catalogs: pg_views
System Catalogs
Concurrency Control
Caveats
Concurrency Control
Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level
Explicit Locking
Explicit Locking: Advisory Locks
Explicit Locking: Deadlocks
Explicit Locking: Page-Level Locks
Explicit Locking: Row-Level Locks
Explicit Locking: Table-Level Locks
Locking and Indexes
Transaction Isolation
Transaction Isolation: Read Committed Isolation Level
Transaction Isolation: Repeatable Read Isolation Level
Transaction Isolation: Serializable Isolation Level
Localization
Character Set Support
Collation Support
Locale Support
Applications
clusterdb
createdb
createuser
dropdb
dropuser
ecpg
initdb
pg_archivecleanup
pg_basebackup
pg_checksums
pg_config
pg_controldata
pg_ctl
pg_dump
pg_dumpall
pg_isready
pg_receivewal
pg_recvlogical
pg_resetwal
pg_restore
pg_rewind
pg_test_fsync
pg_test_timing
pg_upgrade
pg_verifybackup
pg_waldump
pgbench
postgres
postmaster
psql
reindexdb
vacuumdb
Indexes
Combining Multiple Indexes
Examining Index Usage
Index Types
Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
Indexes
Indexes and Collations
Indexes and ORDER BY
Indexes on Expressions
Multicolumn Indexes
Operator Classes and Operator Families
Partial Indexes
Unique Indexes
Queries
Combining Queries
Combining Queries: EXCEPT
Combining Queries: INTERSECT
Combining Queries: UNION
LIMIT and OFFSET
ORDER BY
Queries
SELECT Lists
SELECT Lists: Column Labels
SELECT Lists: DISTINCT
SELECT Lists: Select-List Items
Table Expressions
Table Expressions: FROM Clause
Table Expressions: FULL OUTER JOIN
Table Expressions: GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Table Expressions: GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
Table Expressions: INNER JOIN
Table Expressions: Joined Tables
Table Expressions: LATERAL Subqueries
Table Expressions: LEFT OUTER JOIN
Table Expressions: RIGHT OUTER JOIN
Table Expressions: Subqueries
Table Expressions: Table Functions
Table Expressions: Table and Column Aliases
Table Expressions: WHERE Clause
Table Expressions: Window Function Processing
VALUES Lists
WITH Queries
WITH Queries: Data-Modifying Statements in WITH
WITH Queries: SELECT in WITH
Server Configuration
Config: DateStyle
Config: IntervalStyle
Config: TimeZone
Config: allow_system_table_mods
Config: application_name
Config: archive_cleanup_command
Config: archive_command
Config: archive_mode
Config: archive_timeout
Config: array_nulls
Config: authentication_timeout
Config: autovacuum
Config: autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor
Config: autovacuum_analyze_threshold
Config: autovacuum_freeze_max_age
Config: autovacuum_max_workers
Config: autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age
Config: autovacuum_naptime
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor
Config: autovacuum_vacuum_threshold
Config: autovacuum_work_mem
Config: backend_flush_after
Config: backslash_quote
Config: backtrace_functions
Config: bgwriter_delay
Config: bgwriter_flush_after
Config: bgwriter_lru_maxpages
Config: bgwriter_lru_multiplier
Config: block_size
Config: bonjour
Config: bonjour_name
Config: bytea_output
Config: check_function_bodies
Config: checkpoint_completion_target
Config: checkpoint_flush_after
Config: checkpoint_timeout
Config: checkpoint_warning
Config: client_encoding
Config: client_min_messages
Config: cluster_name
Config: commit_delay
Config: commit_siblings
Config: config_file
Config: constraint_exclusion
Config: cpu_index_tuple_cost
Config: cpu_operator_cost
Config: cpu_tuple_cost
Config: cursor_tuple_fraction
Config: data_checksums
Config: data_directory
Config: data_directory_mode
Config: data_sync_retry
Config: db_user_namespace
Config: deadlock_timeout
Config: debug_assertions
Config: default_statistics_target
Config: default_table_access_method
Config: default_tablespace
Config: default_text_search_config
Config: default_transaction_deferrable
Config: default_transaction_isolation
Config: default_transaction_read_only
Config: dynamic_library_path
Config: dynamic_shared_memory_type
Config: effective_cache_size
Config: effective_io_concurrency
Config: enable_bitmapscan
Config: enable_gathermerge
Config: enable_hashagg
Config: enable_hashjoin
Config: enable_incremental_sort
Config: enable_indexonlyscan
Config: enable_indexscan
Config: enable_material
Config: enable_mergejoin
Config: enable_nestloop
Config: enable_parallel_append
Config: enable_parallel_hash
Config: enable_partition_pruning
Config: enable_partitionwise_aggregate
Config: enable_partitionwise_join
Config: enable_seqscan
Config: enable_sort
Config: enable_tidscan
Config: escape_string_warning
Config: event_source
Config: exit_on_error
Config: external_pid_file
Config: extra_float_digits
Config: force_parallel_mode
Config: from_collapse_limit
Config: fsync
Config: full_page_writes
Config: geqo
Config: geqo_effort
Config: geqo_generations
Config: geqo_pool_size
Config: geqo_seed
Config: geqo_selection_bias
Config: geqo_threshold
Config: gin_fuzzy_search_limit
Config: gin_pending_list_limit
Config: hash_mem_multiplier
Config: hba_file
Config: hot_standby
Config: hot_standby_feedback
Config: huge_pages
Config: ident_file
Config: idle_in_transaction_session_timeout
Config: ignore_checksum_failure
Config: ignore_invalid_pages
Config: ignore_system_indexes
Config: integer_datetimes
Config: jit
Config: jit_above_cost
Config: jit_debugging_support
Config: jit_dump_bitcode
Config: jit_expressions
Config: jit_inline_above_cost
Config: jit_optimize_above_cost
Config: jit_profiling_support
Config: jit_provider
Config: jit_tuple_deforming
Config: join_collapse_limit
Config: krb_caseins_users
Config: krb_server_keyfile
Config: lc_collate
Config: lc_ctype
Config: lc_messages
Config: lc_monetary
Config: lc_numeric
Config: lc_time
Config: listen_addresses
Config: lo_compat_privileges
Config: local_preload_libraries
Config: lock_timeout
Config: log_autovacuum_min_duration
Config: log_checkpoints
Config: log_connections
Config: log_destination
Config: log_directory
Config: log_disconnections
Config: log_duration
Config: log_error_verbosity
Config: log_file_mode
Config: log_filename
Config: log_hostname
Config: log_line_prefix
Config: log_lock_waits
Config: log_min_duration_sample
Config: log_min_duration_statement
Config: log_min_error_statement
Config: log_min_messages
Config: log_parameter_max_length
Config: log_parameter_max_length_on_error
Config: log_replication_commands
Config: log_rotation_age
Config: log_rotation_size
Config: log_statement
Config: log_statement_sample_rate
Config: log_temp_files
Config: log_timezone
Config: log_transaction_sample_rate
Config: log_truncate_on_rotation
Config: logging_collector
Config: logical_decoding_work_mem
Config: maintenance_io_concurrency
Config: maintenance_work_mem
Config: max_connections
Config: max_files_per_process
Config: max_function_args
Config: max_identifier_length
Config: max_index_keys
Config: max_locks_per_transaction
Config: max_logical_replication_workers
Config: max_parallel_maintenance_workers
Config: max_parallel_workers
Config: max_parallel_workers_per_gather
Config: max_pred_locks_per_page
Config: max_pred_locks_per_relation
Config: max_pred_locks_per_transaction
Config: max_prepared_transactions
Config: max_replication_slots
Config: max_slot_wal_keep_size
Config: max_stack_depth
Config: max_standby_archive_delay
Config: max_standby_streaming_delay
Config: max_sync_workers_per_subscription
Config: max_wal_senders
Config: max_wal_size
Config: max_worker_processes
Config: min_parallel_index_scan_size
Config: min_parallel_table_scan_size
Config: min_wal_size
Config: old_snapshot_threshold
Config: operator_precedence_warning
Config: parallel_leader_participation
Config: parallel_setup_cost
Config: parallel_tuple_cost
Config: password_encryption
Config: plan_cache_mode
Config: port
Config: post_auth_delay
Config: pre_auth_delay
Config: primary_conninfo
Config: primary_slot_name
Config: promote_trigger_file
Config: quote_all_identifiers
Config: random_page_cost
Config: recovery_end_command
Config: recovery_min_apply_delay
Config: recovery_target
Config: recovery_target_action
Config: recovery_target_inclusive
Config: recovery_target_lsn
Config: recovery_target_name
Config: recovery_target_time
Config: recovery_target_timeline
Config: recovery_target_xid
Config: restart_after_crash
Config: restore_command
Config: row_security
Config: search_path
Config: segment_size
Config: seq_page_cost
Config: server_encoding
Config: server_version
Config: server_version_num
Config: session_preload_libraries
Config: session_replication_role
Config: shared_buffers
Config: shared_memory_type
Config: shared_preload_libraries
Config: ssl
Config: ssl_ca_file
Config: ssl_cert_file
Config: ssl_ciphers
Config: ssl_crl_file
Config: ssl_dh_params_file
Config: ssl_ecdh_curve
Config: ssl_key_file
Config: ssl_library
Config: ssl_max_protocol_version
Config: ssl_min_protocol_version
Config: ssl_passphrase_command
Config: ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload
Config: ssl_prefer_server_ciphers
Config: standard_conforming_strings
Config: statement_timeout
Config: stats_temp_directory
Config: superuser_reserved_connections
Config: synchronize_seqscans
Config: synchronous_commit
Config: synchronous_standby_names
Config: syslog_facility
Config: syslog_ident
Config: syslog_sequence_numbers
Config: syslog_split_messages
Config: tcp_keepalives_count
Config: tcp_keepalives_idle
Config: tcp_keepalives_interval
Config: tcp_user_timeout
Config: temp_buffers
Config: temp_file_limit
Config: temp_tablespaces
Config: timezone_abbreviations
Config: trace_notify
Config: trace_recovery_messages
Config: trace_sort
Config: track_activities
Config: track_activity_query_size
Config: track_commit_timestamp
Config: track_counts
Config: track_functions
Config: track_io_timing
Config: transaction_deferrable
Config: transaction_isolation
Config: transaction_read_only
Config: transform_null_equals
Config: unix_socket_directories
Config: unix_socket_group
Config: unix_socket_permissions
Config: update_process_title
Config: vacuum_cost_delay
Config: vacuum_cost_limit
Config: vacuum_cost_page_dirty
Config: vacuum_cost_page_hit
Config: vacuum_cost_page_miss
Config: vacuum_defer_cleanup_age
Config: vacuum_freeze_min_age
Config: vacuum_freeze_table_age
Config: vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age
Config: vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age
Config: wal_block_size
Config: wal_buffers
Config: wal_compression
Config: wal_consistency_checking
Config: wal_debug
Config: wal_init_zero
Config: wal_keep_size
Config: wal_level
Config: wal_log_hints
Config: wal_receiver_create_temp_slot
Config: wal_receiver_status_interval
Config: wal_receiver_timeout
Config: wal_recycle
Config: wal_retrieve_retry_interval
Config: wal_segment_size
Config: wal_sender_timeout
Config: wal_skip_threshold
Config: wal_sync_method
Config: wal_writer_delay
Config: wal_writer_flush_after
Config: work_mem
Config: xmlbinary
Config: xmloption
Config: zero_damaged_pages
Server Configuration: Automatic Vacuuming
Server Configuration: Client Connection Defaults
Server Configuration: Connections and Authentication
Server Configuration: Customized Options
Server Configuration: Developer Options
Server Configuration: Error Handling
Server Configuration: Error Reporting and Logging
Server Configuration: File Locations
Server Configuration: Lock Management
Server Configuration: Preset Options
Server Configuration: Query Planning
Server Configuration: Replication
Server Configuration: Resource Consumption
Server Configuration: Run-time Statistics
Server Configuration: Setting Parameters
Server Configuration: Short Options
Server Configuration: Version and Platform Compatibility
Server Configuration: Write Ahead Log
Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
Configuration
Extensibility
Extensibility: Inlining Support for Extensions
Extensibility: Pluggable JIT Providers
What Is JIT compilation?
What Is JIT compilation?: Inlining
What Is JIT compilation?: JIT Accelerated Operations
What Is JIT compilation?: Optimization
When to JIT?
Data Definition
Constraints
Constraints: Check Constraints
Constraints: Exclusion Constraints
Constraints: Foreign Keys
Constraints: Not-Null Constraints
Constraints: Primary Keys
Constraints: Unique Constraints
Default Values
Dependency Tracking
Foreign Data
Generated Columns
Inheritance
Modifying Tables
Modifying Tables: Adding a Column
Modifying Tables: Adding a Constraint
Modifying Tables: Changing a Column's Data Type
Modifying Tables: Changing a Column's Default Value
Modifying Tables: Removing a Column
Modifying Tables: Removing a Constraint
Modifying Tables: Renaming a Column
Modifying Tables: Renaming a Table
Privileges
Row Security Policies
Schemas
Schemas: Creating a Schema
Schemas: Public Schema
Schemas: Schema Search Path
Schemas: Schemas and Privileges
Schemas: System Catalog Schema
System Columns
Table Basics
Table Partitioning
Table Partitioning: Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning
Table Partitioning: Declarative Partitioning
Table Partitioning: Partition Pruning
Table Partitioning: Partitioning Inheritance
Table Partitioning: Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion
Backup and Restore
Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
File System Level Backup
SQL Dump
Managing Databases
Creating a Database
Database Configuration
Destroying a Database
Managing Databases
Tablespaces
Template Databases
Server Setup and Operation
Creating a Database Cluster
Creating a Database Cluster: File Systems
Creating a Database Cluster: Use of Secondary File Systems
Encryption Options
Managing Kernel Resources
Managing Kernel Resources: Linux Huge Pages
Managing Kernel Resources: Linux Memory Overcommit
Managing Kernel Resources: Resource Limits
Managing Kernel Resources: Shared Memory and Semaphores
Managing Kernel Resources: systemd RemoveIPC
PostgreSQL User Account
Preventing Server Spoofing
Registering Event Log on Windows
Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption: Basic Setup
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL: Basic Setup
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL: Client Certificates
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL: Creating Certificates
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL: OpenSSL Configuration
Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL: SSL Server File Usage
Shutting Down the Server
Starting the Database Server
Starting the Database Server: Client Connection Problems
Starting the Database Server: Server Start-up Failures
Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster: Upgrading Data via Replication
Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster: Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall
Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster: Upgrading Data via pg_upgrade
Database Roles
Database Roles
Default Roles
Dropping Roles
Function Security
Role Attributes
Role Membership
Data Manipulation
Deleting Data
Inserting Data
Returning Data from Modified Rows
Updating Data
Full Text Search
Full Text Search
Full Text Search: Additional Features
Full Text Search: Configuration Example
Full Text Search: Controlling Text Search
Full Text Search: Dictionaries
Full Text Search: GIN and GiST Index Types
Full Text Search: Limitations
Full Text Search: Parsers
Full Text Search: Tables and Indexes
Full Text Search: Testing and Debugging Text Search
Full Text Search: psql Support
Generic WAL Records
Generic WAL Records
Internals: Genetic Query Optimizer
Genetic Query Optimizer: Further Reading
Genetic Query Optimizer: Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Query Optimizer: Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
Genetic Query Optimizer: Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
Internals: GIN Indexes
GIN Indexes: Built-in Operator Classes
GIN Indexes: Examples
GIN Indexes: Extensibility
GIN Indexes: GIN Tips and Tricks
GIN Indexes: Implementation
GIN Indexes: Limitations
Internals: GIN Indexes
Internals: GiST Indexes
GiST Indexes: Built-in Operator Classes
GiST Indexes: Examples
GiST Indexes: Extensibility
GiST Indexes: Implementation
Internals: GiST Indexes
Hash Indexes
Hash Indexes
Implementation
Parallel Query
How Parallel Query Works
Parallel Plans
Parallel Plans: Parallel Aggregation
Parallel Plans: Parallel Append
Parallel Plans: Parallel Joins
Parallel Plans: Parallel Plan Tips
Parallel Plans: Parallel Scans
Parallel Safety
Parallel Safety: Parallel Labeling for Functions and Aggregates
When Can Parallel Query Be Used?
Internals: Index Access Method
Index Access Method: Basic API Structure for Indexes
Index Access Method: Index Access Method Functions
Index Access Method: Index Cost Estimation Functions
Index Access Method: Index Locking Considerations
Index Access Method: Index Scanning
Index Access Method: Index Uniqueness Checks
Internals
Internals: Executor
Internals: How Connections Are Established
Internals: Multivariate Statistics Examples
Internals: Parser Stage
Internals: Path of a Query
Internals: Planner Statistics and Security
Internals: Planner/Optimizer
Internals: PostgreSQL Rule System
Internals: Row Estimation Examples
Internals: SP-GiST Indexes
Internals: SP-GiST Indexes
SP-GiST Indexes: Built-in Operator Classes
SP-GiST Indexes: Examples
SP-GiST Indexes: Extensibility
SP-GiST Indexes: Implementation
Maintenance
Log File Maintenance
Routine Reindexing
Routine Vacuuming
Monitoring
Monitoring: Determining Disk Usage
Monitoring: Disk Full Failure
Monitoring: Dynamic Tracing
Monitoring: Progress Reporting
Monitoring: Standard Unix Tools
Monitoring: Statistics Collector
Monitoring: Viewing Locks
Performance Tips
Performance Tips: Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
Performance Tips: EXPLAIN
Performance Tips: Non-Durable Settings
Performance Tips: Populating a Database
Performance Tips: Statistics Used by the Planner
Internals: Physical Storage
Physical Storage: Database File Layout
Physical Storage: Database Page Layout
Physical Storage: Free Space Map
Physical Storage: Initialization Fork
Physical Storage: TOAST
Physical Storage: Visibility Map
Frontend/Backend Protocol
SASL Authentication
SASL Authentication: SCRAM-SHA-256 Authentication
Logical Decoding
Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding
System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
System Catalog Declaration Rules
System Catalog Initial Data
System Catalog Initial Data: Automatic Creation of Array Types
System Catalog Initial Data: Data File Format
System Catalog Initial Data: OID Assignment
System Catalog Initial Data: OID Reference Lookup
System Catalog Initial Data: Recipes for Editing Data Files
Table Access Method Interface Definition
Table Access Method Interface Definition
Type Conversion
Type Conversion
Type Conversion: Functions
Type Conversion: Operators
Type Conversion: SELECT Output Columns
Type Conversion: UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
Type Conversion: Value Storage
Appendixes
Acronyms
Glossary
PostgreSQL Error Codes
PostgreSQL Limits
SQL Key Words
Appendix: Additional Supplied Modules
adminpack
amcheck
auth_delay
auto_explain
bloom
btree_gin
btree_gist
citext
cube
dict_int
dict_xsyn
earthdistance
file_fdw
fuzzystrmatch
hstore
intagg
intarray
isn
lo
ltree
pageinspect
passwordcheck
pg_buffercache
pg_freespacemap
pg_prewarm
pg_stat_statements
pg_trgm
pg_visibility
pgcrypto
pgrowlocks
pgstattuple
postgres_fdw
seg
sepgsql
spi
sslinfo
tablefunc
tcn
test_decoding
tsm_system_rows
tsm_system_time
unaccent
uuid-ossp
xml2
Appendix: Color Support
Configuring the Colors
When Color is Used
Appendix: Date/Time Support
Date/Time Configuration Files
Date/Time Input Interpretation
Date/Time Key Words
Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
History of Units
Julian Dates
POSIX Time Zone Specifications
Appendix: Obsolete or Renamed Features
pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal
pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal
pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump
recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf
Appendix: SQL Conformance
XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
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